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Shared mobility services as a part of a transport-efficient society?: Mobility service business models in focus
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Sustainable development, Environmental science and Engineering, Strategic Sustainability Studies.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0367-7263
2024 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Sustainable development
SDG 11: Sustainable cities and communities, SDG 13: Climate action, SDG 12: Responsible consumption and production
Abstract [en]

The transport sector plays a crucial role in society; it not only influences daily commuting but also occupies a significant place in the economic system while being one of the main contributors to greenhouse gas emissions. Road passenger transport, heavily reliant upon private cars, is a particularly dominant factor in domestic emissions in Sweden. Strategies to mitigate these effects involve transitioning to more environmentally friendly technologies and promoting a transport-efficient society. This thesis focuses on the need to shift towards more energy-efficient means of transport, which entails replacing trips previously made with individual private cars with alternative mobility options such as shared mobility services.

Although still a relatively new phenomenon, shared mobility is rapidly growing and disrupting urban environments worldwide. Predominantly owned and operated by private actors, shared mobility services lie at the intersection of private ambitions and public needs to reduce private car dependency. These services present both new opportunities and challenges for society and public authorities. Therefore, this thesis aims to deepen the understanding of shared mobility services and explore how they can support the transition towards a transport-efficient society.

The thesis investigates shared mobility services by integrating insights from transport research with concepts and theories from business management, specifically business model interpretations. A key aspect of this analysis is embedding these services within an external environment such as the policy context to explore interdependencies. The qualitative research is based primarily on case studies which used semi-structured interviews and workshops to acquire rich empirical data for analysis. The multi-level perspective and actor-network theory are identified as relevant theoretical frameworks for this research.

The results are structured around research questions that (i) focus on interdependencies between business models and regulations, (ii) explore the possible contributions the sustainable business model research field could make in the creation of more sustainable shared mobility services, and (iii) showcase what is necessary for these services to contribute to a transport-efficient society. The thesis proposes that simplification and overlooking the diversity of shared mobility services hamper the development and integration of such services within the transportation system. From the transition perspective, the results show that different shared mobility services have moved from filling niche positions to entering established regimes, which leads to the disruption and transformation of different regime elements within them. While this creates destabilisation and opens up a window of opportunity, it does not result in a full transition into the new regime. There is also a chicken-and-egg problem regarding shared mobility services and the governance of these services. This means that a lack of knowledge hampers the integration of such services into the transport systems, but without experimentation and integration, new knowledge about these services cannot be gained. The dismissal of shared mobility services leads to alternative ways of operating, which do not always have the most sustainable outcomes. Finally, this licentiate thesis demonstrates that the nature of shared mobility services blurs the sharp division between established actor networks and responsibilities, which then become ill-suited to address new innovative services.

Abstract [sv]

Transportsektorn spelar en avgörande roll i vårt samhälle, då den inte bara påverkar daglig pendling utan också har en betydande plats i det ekonomiska systemet samtidigt som den är en av de främsta bidragsgivarna till utsläpp av växthusgaser. Särskilt vägtransport av passagerare, som är starkt beroende av privata bilar, är en dominerande faktor för de inhemska utsläppen i Sverige. Strategier för att mildra dessa effekter innebär en övergång till mer miljövänliga teknologier och att främja ett transporteffektivt samhälle. Denna avhandling fokuserar på behovet av att övergå till mer energieffektiva transportmedel, vilket innebär att ersätta resor som tidigare gjordes med privata bilar med alternativa mobilitetslösningar, såsom delade mobilitetstjänster.

Även om delad mobilitet fortfarande är ett relativt nytt fenomen växer det snabbt och omvandlar urbana miljöer över hela världen. Delade mobilitetstjänster, som främst ägs och drivs av privata aktörer, befinner sig i skärningspunkten mellan privata ambitioner och samhällets behov av att minska beroendet av privatbilism. Dessa tjänster innebär både nya möjligheter och utmaningar för samhället och offentliga myndigheter. Därför syftar denna avhandling till att fördjupa förståelsen för delade mobilitetstjänster och undersöka hur dessa tjänster kan stödja övergången till ett transporteffektivt samhälle.

Avhandlingen undersöker delade mobilitetstjänster genom att integrera insikter från transportforskning med koncept och teorier från företagsekonomi, särskilt affärsmodelltolkningar. En viktig del av denna analys är att integrera dessa tjänster i en extern miljö, såsom en politisk kontext, för att undersöka ömsesidiga beroenden. Den kvalitativa forskningen är främst baserad på fallstudier, där semi-strukturerade intervjuer och workshops ger rik empirisk data för analys. Multi-Level Perspective och Actor-Network Theory identifieras som relevanta teoretiska ramar för denna forskning.

Resultaten är strukturerade kring forskningsfrågor som (i) fokuserar på beroendeförhållanden mellan affärsmodeller och regleringar, (ii) utforskar möjliga bidrag som forskningsfältet för hållbara affärsmodeller kan ge för att skapa mer hållbara delade mobilitetstjänster, och (iii) visar vad som krävs för att dessa tjänster ska kunna bidra till ett transporteffektivt samhälle. Avhandlingen föreslår att förenkling och förbiseende av mångfalden bland delade mobilitetstjänster hindrar utvecklingen och integrationen av sådana tjänster inom transportsystemet. Ur ett transitionperspektiv visar resultaten att olika delade mobilitetstjänster har gått från att fylla nischpositioner till att träda in i etablerade regimer, vilket leder till störningar och omvandlingar av olika regimelement inom dessa. Samtidigt som detta skapar instabilitet och öppnar ett fönster för möjligheter, resulterar det inte i en fullständig övergång till den nya regimen. Det finns även ett "kyckling-och-ägget"-problem gällande delade mobilitetstjänster och styrningen av dessa tjänster. Detta innebär att brist på kunskap hämmar integrationen av sådana tjänster i transportsystemen, men utan experimentering och integration kan ny kunskap om dessa tjänster inte erhållas. Avfärdandet av delade mobilitetstjänster leder till alternativa sätt att operera som inte alltid har de mest hållbara resultaten. Slutligen visar denna licentiatuppsats att karaktären av delade mobilitetstjänster suddar ut den skarpa uppdelningen mellan etablerade aktörsnätverk och ansvar, vilket gör dem mindre lämpade att hantera nya innovativa tjänster.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm, Sweden: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2024. , p. 46
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2436
Keywords [en]
Sustainable transport, shared mobility, business model, sustainable transition, mobility services
Keywords [sv]
Hållbara transporter, delad mobilitet, affärsmodell, hållbar omställning, mobilitetstjänster
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Research subject
Planning and Decision Analysis, Strategies for sustainable development
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-356211ISBN: 978-91-8106-143-7 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-356211DiVA, id: diva2:1912336
Presentation
2024-12-06, Sahara, Teknikringen 10 B, KTH Campus, public video conference link https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/63935950215, Stockholm, 15:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Mistra - The Swedish Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research, Grant number DIA 2014/25
Note

QC 20241114

Available from: 2024-11-14 Created: 2024-11-11 Last updated: 2024-11-18Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Actualizing sustainable transport: the interplay between public policy instruments and shared mobility providers' business models
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Actualizing sustainable transport: the interplay between public policy instruments and shared mobility providers' business models
2024 (English)In: European Transport Research Review, ISSN 1867-0717, E-ISSN 1866-8887, Vol. 16, no 1, article id 11Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Cities around the world are trying to understand if and how to regulate urban mobility in a way that stimulates innovation and supports business while also promoting public values and accelerating a sustainability transition. Service providers are also attempting to understand how to grow and thrive as a business as they challenge existing urban mobility structures and practices via new mobility services, new uses of public space, etc. Thus, this article seeks to understand the interplay between business models and public policies and, ultimately, the implications policy instruments have on shaping conditions for sustainable urban mobility. To address these questions, a qualitative approach is utilized, comprising case studies of two 'new mobility' service providers (Bolt and Tier) operating in three Northern European cities (Oslo, Stockholm, and Berlin) including interviews with these companies and local public actors. Findings show that the business models are influenced by legitimization on the national level, the local authorities' and service providers' approaches, and policy instruments related to the right to operate, including caps, geographic coverage, parking, geofencing, and data sharing. Utilizing business models and multi-level perspectives, the findings are discussed in relation to actualizing sustainable transport, e.g. interdependencies, goal alignment, and temporal and spatial considerations. The authors emphasize the importance of learning by doing, policy mixes (versus instruments), and purpose-driven collaboration among stakeholders.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature, 2024
Keywords
Sustainable transport, Business model, Policy instrument, City, Mobility service, Micro-mobility, Ride-hailing, Interview
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-343788 (URN)10.1186/s12544-024-00634-4 (DOI)001156258700001 ()2-s2.0-85187169308 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20240222

Available from: 2024-02-22 Created: 2024-02-22 Last updated: 2024-11-11Bibliographically approved
2. From Shared to Residential Mobility Services?: Carsharing and bike-sharing development under the influence of Flexible Parking Requirements
Open this publication in new window or tab >>From Shared to Residential Mobility Services?: Carsharing and bike-sharing development under the influence of Flexible Parking Requirements
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

 As a way of decreasing car ownership and use - one of the significant causes of road passenger transport-related emissions - a growing number of municipalities in Sweden and globally promote car- and bike-sharing by implementing Flexible Parking Requirements. Evaluations of how these requirements affect mobility patterns among residents are emerging. Still, research on the implications for the carsharing and bike-sharing business models and overall service development is lacking. This paper aims to address this by investigating how the development of car- and bike-sharing services is affected by Flexible Parking Requirements. We study four cases based on mobility service providers and specific properties in Sweden through the lens of business model literature and actor-network theory. The results uncover specific narratives, assemblages and challenges related to each case. The carsharing services showcase the difference in success between open-access and exclusive residential mobility services. Bike-sharing services are characterised by diverse weaknesses and threats that must be addressed for functioning services. The results indicate Flexible Parking Requirements being an important actant of change in defining the service offerings and shaping assemblages. A plethora of actants are identified in the assemblage around car- and bike-sharing services. The paper helps to identify the missing pieces in aligning all of them to have persistence and lasting services. In the concluding discussion, the new roles of the apartment blocks and residential mobility services are discussed within the transport system. 

Keywords
carsharing, bike-sharing, parking requirements, business model, actor-network theory, mobility services
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Research subject
Planning and Decision Analysis, Strategies for sustainable development
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-356210 (URN)
Funder
Mistra - The Swedish Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research, DIA 2014/25)Swedish Energy Agency, Grant number: 51104-1, DIA: 2020-011506
Note

QC 20241115

Available from: 2024-11-11 Created: 2024-11-11 Last updated: 2024-11-15Bibliographically approved
3. Business models for shared mobility: A framework to support sustainable transport
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Business models for shared mobility: A framework to support sustainable transport
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

 In transportation, shared mobility services disrupt the transport sector and affect travel patterns. These services are both praised as a possible solution to achieve more sustainable transportation systems and as a source of negative impacts by replacing active mobility and increasing total transport demand. There have been multiple attempts to categorise, and structure shared mobility services, but less attention is paid to understanding what constitutes sustainable business models in the context of urban mobility and providing tools for policymakers. In this article, we propose a sector-specific framework for shared mobility business models that supports private and public actors’ decision-making and accelerates service integration into the transport system. With the help of morphological analysis (MA), we structured different business model elements associated with mobility services and sustainable business models into a comprehensible morphological box and then tested it against three different empirical datasets. Based on empirical data, the framework is further elaborated on the selected attributes, and we introduce an additional dimension of external factors relevant to sustainable mobility services. 

Keywords
Shared mobility services, sustainable business model, urban transportation, morphological analysis
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Research subject
Planning and Decision Analysis, Strategies for sustainable development
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-356205 (URN)
Projects
Mistra SAMS
Funder
Mistra - The Swedish Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research, DIA 2014/25
Note

QC 20241115

Available from: 2024-11-11 Created: 2024-11-11 Last updated: 2024-11-15Bibliographically approved

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