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Engineering affibody-based prodrugs for enhanced tissue selectivity in targeted cancer therapies
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Protein Science. Protein Science.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5365-9122
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, with approximately 40% of the population expected to receive a cancer diagnosis during their lifetime. Conventional treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy have been essential in improving patient outcomes. However, these approaches often lack specificity, partly due to the inherent heterogeneity of tumors both between and within patients. Precision medicine has emerged to address these challenges by developing therapies tailored to the specific molecular and genetic profiles of tumors. Targeted therapies, particularly monoclonal antibodies, have shown great promise in this field, yet these therapies face limitations such as toxicity, poor tissue penetration, and high production costs.  This thesis focuses on the development of innovative prodrug strategies, including affibody-based prodrugs and antibody prodrugs with affibody masking domains, aimed at enhancing tissue selectivity and reducing systemic toxicity in cancer therapy. Additionally, substrate engineering for tumor-associated proteases is explored to optimize prodrug activation. Through five research papers, these strategies are investigated for their potential to improve next-generation cancer therapeutics.

 

In Paper I, a masking domain was identified for an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeting affibody using Staphylococcus carnosus display. This study screened an affibody library to isolate a domain capable of efficiently masking EGFR-binding activity. A proof-of-concept prodrug demonstrated that the masking domain could inhibit EGFR binding, with restored activity upon proteolytic cleavage. In Paper II, the initial affibody-based prodrug was further optimized to improve its biodistribution in vivo. Key modifications included the introduction of a suitable tumor protease substrate and a high-affinity albumin-binding domain to extend blood circulation time. The optimized prodrug exhibited favorable biodistribution in tumor xenografted mice, with strikingly reduced uptake in healthy tissues, demonstrating a significant improvement in tumor selectivity in vivo.            

In Paper III, affibodies were explored as masking domains for the anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody cetuximab. Using Escherichia coli display, affibodies were selected to specifically bind and mask cetuximab's paratope. A cetuximab prodrug was engineered with an affibody masking domain, and in vitro studies revealed a 400-fold reduction in cetuximab’s growth inhibitory effects until proteolytic activation. This study validated the use of affibody masking domains in antibody-based prodrugs. Paper IV aimed to demonstrate the versatility of the E. coli display platform by isolating affibodies capable of masking nivolumab, an anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody. The screening identified non-conventional affibody molecules that appear to mimic PD-1 and block nivolumab’s binding capacity. Structural modeling and bio-layer interferometry confirmed effective masking and restoration of PD-1 binding upon cleavage, suggesting potential for improved immune checkpoint inhibition with reduced systemic side effects.

With the aim of enhancing prodrug activation, in Paper V, a high-throughput E. coli display platform was engineered to identify optimized substrates for matriptase, a tumor-associated protease. A large substrate library was designed and screened for cleavage efficiency, leading to the discovery of several substrate candidates with enhanced cleavage kinetics. These optimized substrates were incorporated into prodrug designs, demonstrating significantly improved activation in vitro compared to previously reported reference substrates.

In conclusion, this thesis demonstrates the potential of affibody molecules as both masking and targeting domains in prodrugs, offering a promising strategy for improving the selectivity and efficacy of cancer therapeutics. These findings provide a strong foundation for future advancements in the design of precision cancer treatments.

Abstract [sv]

Cancer är fortfarande en av de ledande dödsorsakerna globalt, och ungefär 40 % av befolkningen förväntas få en cancerdiagnos under sin livstid. Konventionella behandlingar som kirurgi, kemoterapi och strålbehandling har historiskt varit avgörande för att förbättra behandlingsresultaten. Dessa behandlingsstrategier uppvisar dock ofta begränsad specificitet, delvis på grund av tumörers heterogenitet både mellan och inom patienter. Precisionsmedicin har utvecklats för att möta dessa utmaningar genom att ta fram terapier som är riktade mot tumörernas specifika molekylära och genetiska profiler. Målsökande terapier, särskilt monoklonala antikroppar, har visat stor potential inom detta område, men dessa behandlingar har också begränsningar såsom toxicitet, dålig vävnadspenetration och höga produktionskostnader. Denna avhandling fokuserar på utveckling av innovativa prodrug-strategier, inklusive affibody-baserade prodrugs och antikroppsprodrugs, med det övergripande målet att förbättra vävnadsspecificitet och minska systemisk toxicitet. Genom fem forskningsartiklar undersöks dessa olika strategier för deras potential att förbättra nästa generations cancerterapier.

I Paper I identifierades en maskeringsdomän för en affibody riktad mot epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) med hjälp av Staphylococcus carnosus display. Denna studie screenade ett affibodybibliotek för att isolera en domän som effektivt kan maskera bindningsaktiviteten i den målsökande domänen. En första prodrug-variant med maskeringsdomänen visade väsentligt blockerad EGFR-bindning, samt återställd aktivitet efter proteolytisk klyvning. I Paper II optimerades den affibody-baserad prodrug från paper I för att förbättra dess biodistribution in vivo. Viktiga modifieringar inkluderade införandet av ett proteasubstrat och en albuminbindande domän för att förlänga cirkulationstiden i blod. Den optimerade varianten visade en gynnsam biodistribution i tumör-bärande möss, med kraftigt reducerat upptag i frisk vävnad, och en betydande förbättring av tumörselektivitet in vivo.     

Affibodies utvärderades i Paper III som maskeringsdomäner för den monoklonala antikroppen cetuximab. Från ett stort affibodybibliotek selekterades anti-idiotypa bindare för att specifikt maskera cetuximabs paratop. Med en av de nya maskeringsdomänerna konstruerades en prodrugversion av cetuximab, och in vitro-studier visade en 400-faldig minskning i effekt innan proteolytisk aktivering. Denna studie validerade användningen av affibodymolekyler som maskeringsdomäner i antikroppsbaserade prodrugs. I Paper IV demonstrerades mångsidigheten genom att isolera affibodymolekyler mot nivolumab, en anti-PD-1 monoklonal antikropp. Screeningen identifierade affibodies som verkar efterlikna PD-1 och därmed blockera nivolumab. Struktur-modellering och bindningstudier bekräftade effektiv maskering, samt återaktivering av PD-1-bindning efter klyvning.

Med målet att förbättra aktivering av prodrugs, modifierades i Paper V en metod baserad på E. coli display för att identifiera optimerade substratsekvenser för matriptas, ett tumörassocierat proteas. Ett stort substratbibliotek designades och screenades, vilket ledde till identifiering av flera substratkandidater med väsentligt förbättrad klyvning. Dessa optimerade substrat inkorporerades i prodrug-konstrukt, vilka senare visade en snabbare aktivering jämfört med tidigare rapporterade referenssubstrat.

Sammanfattningsvis visar denna avhandling potentialen hos affibodymolekyler som både maskerings- och målsökande domäner i biologiska prodrugs. Dessa resultat utgör en grund för framtida forskning inom design av nya precisionsmedicinska cancerbehandlingar med målet att ytterliggare förbättra selektivitet och effektivitet.

 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2024. , p. 92
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2024:38
Keywords [en]
Targeted therapies, cancer, affibody molecules, monoclonal antibodies, prodrugs, conditional activation.
Keywords [sv]
Målsökande terapier, cancer, affibodymolekyler, monoklonala antikroppar, prodrugs, konditionell aktivering.
National Category
Biochemistry Molecular Biology
Research subject
Biotechnology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-356263ISBN: 978-91-8106-114-7 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-356263DiVA, id: diva2:1912842
Public defence
2024-12-06, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, KTH Campus, Stockholm, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 2024-11-14

Available from: 2024-11-14 Created: 2024-11-13 Last updated: 2026-01-13Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Generation of an anti-idiotypic affibody-based masking domain for conditional activation of EGFR-targeting
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Generation of an anti-idiotypic affibody-based masking domain for conditional activation of EGFR-targeting
2023 (English)In: New Biotechnology, ISSN 1871-6784, E-ISSN 1876-4347, Vol. 73, p. 9-18Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Conditional activation of engineered affinity proteins by proteolytic processing is an interesting approach for a wide range of applications. We have generated an anti-idiotypic masking domain with specificity for the binding surface of an EGFR-targeting affibody molecule using an in-house developed staphylococcal display method. The masking domain could specifically abrogate EGFR-binding on cancer cells when fused to the EGFR-targeting affibody molecule via a linker comprising a protease cleavage site. EGFR-binding was restored by proteolytic cleavage of the linker region resulting in release of the masking domain. A saturation mutagenesis study provided detailed information on the interaction between the EGFR-targeting affibody molecule and the masking domain. Introducing an anti-idiotypic masking affibody domain is a viable approach for blocking EGFR-binding and al-lows for conditional activation by proteolytic processing. The results warrant further studies evaluating the therapeutic and diagnostic applicability both in vitro and in vivo.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2023
Keywords
Affibody molecule, Conditional activation, Epidermal growth factor receptor, Staphylococcal display
National Category
Biochemistry Molecular Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-324529 (URN)10.1016/j.nbt.2022.12.002 (DOI)000919472100001 ()36526248 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85145665050 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20230307

Available from: 2023-03-07 Created: 2023-03-07 Last updated: 2025-02-20Bibliographically approved
2. Conditionally activated affibody-based prodrug targeting EGFR demonstrates improved tumour selectivity
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Conditionally activated affibody-based prodrug targeting EGFR demonstrates improved tumour selectivity
Show others...
2023 (English)In: Journal of Controlled Release, ISSN 0168-3659, E-ISSN 1873-4995, Vol. 357, p. 185-195Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Safety and efficacy of cancer-targeting treatments can be improved by conditional activation enabled by the distinct milieu of the tumour microenvironment. Proteases are intricately involved in tumourigenesis and commonly dysregulated with elevated expression and activity. Design of prodrug molecules with protease -dependent activation has the potential to increase tumour-selective targeting while decreasing exposure to healthy tissues, thus improving the safety profile for patients. Higher selectivity could also allow for adminis-tration of higher doses or use of more aggressive treatment options, leading to higher therapeutic efficacy. We have previously developed an affibody-based prodrug with conditional targeting of EGFR conferred by an anti-idiotypic affibody masking domain (ZB05). We could show that binding to endogenous EGFR on cancer cells in vitro was restored following proteolytic removal of ZB05. In this study we evaluate a novel affibody-based pro -drug design, which incorporates a protease substrate sequence recognized by cancer-associated proteases and demonstrate the potential of this approach for selective tumour-targeting and shielded uptake in healthy tissues in vivo using tumour-bearing mice. This may widen the therapeutic index of cytotoxic EGFR-targeted thera-peutics by decreasing side effects, improving selectivity of drug delivery, and enabling the use of more potent cytotoxic drugs.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2023
Keywords
Affibody molecule, Prodrug, Cancer, Conditional activation, Tumour proteases, Epidermal growth factor receptor, Radionuclide imaging, SPECT, Targeted therapy
National Category
Biochemistry Molecular Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-327179 (URN)10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.03.046 (DOI)000971385500001 ()36990160 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85151282557 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20230523

Available from: 2023-05-23 Created: 2023-05-23 Last updated: 2025-02-20Bibliographically approved
3. Development of a cetuximab prodrug based on an anti-idiotypic masking affibody
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Development of a cetuximab prodrug based on an anti-idiotypic masking affibody
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The application of monoclonal antibodies as targeted drugs has revolutionized cancer therapy, yet their efficacy is sometimes limited by toxicities arising from target expression in healthy tissues. Various strategies have emerged to overcome these issues, including the design of antibody-based prodrugs . Here, we report the generation of affibody masking domains designed to specifically bind and mask the paratope of the anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibody, cetuximab. Bacterial display and cell sorting techniques were employed to isolate suitable affibody masking domains. Both experimental and computational analyses confirmed that several of these selected affibodies effectively blocked cetuximab from binding EGFR. A cetuximab prodrug was created by fusing the most promising masking candidate to the antibody heavy chains. This prodrug demonstrated over 400-fold difference in functionality between its masked and unmasked states. This study is the first to describe the use of an affibody masking domain to create an antibody-based prodrug, demonstrating significant potential for further development of safer and more efficacious cancer therapies. 

National Category
Biochemistry Molecular Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-355870 (URN)
Note

QC 20241113

Available from: 2024-11-12 Created: 2024-11-12 Last updated: 2025-02-20Bibliographically approved
4. Engineering PD-1-mimicking affibody domains as anti-idiotypic masks for nivolumab-based prodrugs
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Engineering PD-1-mimicking affibody domains as anti-idiotypic masks for nivolumab-based prodrugs
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Antibody prodrugs provide a strategy to reduce systemic toxicity by masking therapeutic antibodies until activation in specific environments. Nivolumab, an anti-PD-1 antibody used in cancer immunotherapy, can lead to immune-related adverse events. In a first step towards creating a prodrug version of nivolumab, we screened an Escherichia coli affibody library using MACS and FACS, identifying affibodies that effectively mask the PD-1-binding regions. Deep sequencing revealed an unexpected enrichment of proline-rich affibodies, which likely mimic a loop in PD-1. Structural modeling using AlphaFold suggested that these proline-rich affibodies form stable interactions with nivolumab, despite their lower alpha-helical content. Biosensor assays confirmed effective masking by these affibodies in a nivolumab prodrug format, with PD-1 binding restored upon specific proteolytic cleavage. These results warrant further investigation into the use of such PD-1-mimicry peptides as masking domains, paving the way for the development of more effective and safer nivolumab prodrugs.  

National Category
Biochemistry Molecular Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-355871 (URN)
Note

QC 20241113

Available from: 2024-11-12 Created: 2024-11-12 Last updated: 2025-02-20Bibliographically approved
5. Engineering novel matriptase substrates for prodrug activation
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Engineering novel matriptase substrates for prodrug activation
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Proteases play a crucial role in various biological functions, including tumor progression and homeostasis. Recently, protease-activated prodrugs have gained attention for their potential to increase selectivity in tumor-targeted therapies. In this study, we report the engineering of novel substrate sequences for matriptase, a protease overexpressed in tumors and previously explored for prodrug activation in vivo. A combinatorial peptide library containing millions of potential substrates was displayed on the outer membrane of Escherichia coli, and flow-cytometric cell sorting was employed to isolate improved substrates based on their cleavage efficiency by matriptase. Hundreds of hits from the sorting process were ranked by flow cytometry, and the top substrates exhibited kcat/Km values more than 40-fold higher than previously reported substrates. These new substrates were further evaluated in an antibody-prodrug format, demonstrating exceptional prodrug activation. The matriptase substrates identified in this study hold broad potential for various applications, including their use as cleavable linkers in next-generation antibody prodrugs. Furthermore, the developed bacterial display platform offers promise for discovering other protease substrates.  

National Category
Biochemistry Molecular Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-355872 (URN)
Note

QC 20241113

Available from: 2024-11-12 Created: 2024-11-12 Last updated: 2025-02-20Bibliographically approved

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