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Engineering conditional binding for enhanced protein therapeutics
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Protein Science, Protein Technology.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3138-6789
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Protein therapeutics hold great potential in cancer treatment as they combine specificity with effective delivery to tumor sites, but traditional antibodies face limitations related to size, production cost, and stability. As an alternative, smaller protein scaffolds present a promising approach, offering reduced costs due to production in bacterial hosts, greater stability, and versatile engineering potential for diverse functionalities.

This thesis aims to contribute to the field of engineered scaffold proteins, optimizing the discovery workflow, introducing a new conditional binding scaffold, and evaluating its applicability as protein-drug conjugates for targeted cancer therapies.

The first part of this thesis aims to streamline the discovery pipeline for protein scaffolds. Study I presents an optimized high-throughput phage display system incorporating automated selection and sequencing techniques to discover protein binders efficiently, as demonstrated with the albumin binding domain-derived affinity protein (ADAPT) and Calcium-regulated affinity (CaRA) libraries. This semi-automated system reduces hands-on time and increases robustness, making the discovery process more accessible for labs without high-cost equipment. Results show the possibility of generating high-affinity binders with broad applications in diagnostics and therapeutics. Following the foundation laid by the workflow optimization, Study II introduces the CaRA library more deeply. The library is engineered to provide calcium-dependent and pH-dependent binding capabilities. The library’s design enables conditional interactions, where calcium levels modulate binding. This feature is particularly beneficial for therapeutic applications requiring precise targeting and controlled binding release. The CaRA scaffold demonstrated stability, nanomolar affinities, and calcium-dependent binding across diverse targets, with potential in both therapeutic and biotechnological settings. Study III introduces an accelerated maturation process for conditional binders to further enhance the therapeutic potential of small scaffold proteins. Utilizing deep sequencing data from initial selections with the CaRA library and E. coli display screening, a high-affinity binder for HER3 with pH-dependent binding, CaRAHER3, was developed. This characteristic allows for rapid release in acidic environments, mimicking endosomal conditions, which could be advantageous for intracellular drug delivery. The final paper, Study IV, focuses on applying CaRA binders in developing protein-drug conjugates for targeted cancer treatment. Specifically, a CaRA-based EGFR binder (CaRAEGFR) was engineered to bind EGFR conditionally, depending on calcium levels. This calciumregulated binding allows the protein to dissociate in the low-calcium environment of endosomes, potentially enhancing cytotoxic drug delivery directly to tumor cells. Confocal microscopy confirmed that the CaRAEGFR binder effectively internalizes and trafficks to lysosomes, achieving targeted cytotoxicity in EGFR-expressing cells. This approach highlights the value of conditional affinity in challenges related to the biological fate of receptors, paving the way for more effective, receptor-specific drug delivery systems. This thesis advances protein engineering for small scaffold therapeutics through new discovery workflows and calcium- and pH-dependent binding mechanisms. By advancing new ways to engineer these scaffolds, the findings contribute to developing safer, more effective proteinbased therapies for cancer treatment.

Abstract [sv]

Proteinbaserade läkemedel har stor potential inom cancerbehandling eftersom de kombinerar specificitet med effektiv leverans till tumörområden. Traditionella antikroppar har dock begränsningar kopplade till storlek, produktionskostnad och stabilitet. Som ett alternativ erbjuder mindre proteinscaffolds en lovande metod, med lägre kostnader tack vare produktion i bakterieceller, högre stabilitet och mångsidig möjlighet till anpassning för olika funktioner. 

Denna avhandling syftar till att bidra till området för konstruerade proteinscaffolds genom att optimera upptäcktsprocessen, introducera ett nytt scaffold med villkorlig bindning och utvärdera dess användbarhet som protein-läkemedelskonjugat för riktad cancerbehandling. 

Den första delen av denna avhandling fokuserar på att effektivisera selektionsprocessen för proteinscaffolds. Studie I presenterar ett optimerat high-throughput-fagdisplaysystem som inkluderar automatiserade selektions- och sekvenseringstekniker för att effektivt identifiera proteinerabindare, som exemplifieras med bibliotek av albuminbindande domäner (ADAPT) och kalciumreglerade affinitetsproteiner (CaRA). Detta halvautomatiserade system minskar den manuella arbetsinsatsen och ökar robustheten, vilket gör selektiopnsprocessen mer tillgänglig för laboratorier utan högkostnadsutrustning. Resultaten visar möjligheten att generera högaffinitetsbindare med breda användningsområden inom diagnostik och terapi. Efter optimering av arbetsflödet introducerar Studie II CaRA-biblioteket mer ingående. Biblioteket är designat för att ge kalcium- och pH-beroende bindningsegenskaper, där kalciumnivåerna modulerar bindningen. Denna egenskap är särskilt fördelaktig för terapeutiska applikationer som kräver exakt målstyrning och kontrollerad dissociation. CaRA-scaffoldet uppvisade stabilitet, nanomolära affiniteter och kalciumberoende bindning till olika måll, med potential både inom terapi och bioteknologiska applikationer. Studie III introducerar en accelererad affinitetsmatureringsprocess för villkorliga bindare för att ytterligare förbättra de terapeutiska möjligheterna för små proteinscaffolds. Med hjälp av djupsekvenseringsdata från initiala selektioner med CaRA-biblioteket och E. coli display-screening utvecklades en högaffinitetsbindare för HER3 med pH-beroende bindning, CaRAHER3. Denna egenskap möjliggör snabb frisättning i sura miljöer, som efterliknar endosomala förhållanden, vilket kan vara fördelaktigt för intracellulär läkemedelsleverans. 

Den sista studien, Studie IV, fokuserar på tillämpningen av CaRA-bindare i utvecklingen av protein-läkemedelskonjugat för riktad cancerbehandling. Specifikt utvecklades en CaRA-baserad EGFR-bindare (CaRAEGFR) för att binda EGFR villkorligt beroende på kalciumnivåer. Denna kalciumreglerade bindning möjliggör att proteinet dissocierar i den låga kalciumhalten i endosomer, vilket potentiellt ökar cytotoxisk läkemedelsleverans direkt till tumörceller. Konfokalmikroskopi bekräftade att CaRAEGFR-bindaren effektivt internaliseras  och transporteras till lysosomer, vilket uppnår riktad cytotoxicitet i EGFR-uttryckande celler. Detta tillvägagångssätt understryker värdet av villkorlig affinitet i utmaningar kopplade till receptorernas biologiska öde, och banar väg för effektivare, receptor-specifika läkemedelsleveranssystem. Denna avhandling främjar proteiningenjörskonst för små scaffold-baserade terapeutiska proteiner genom nya upptäcktsarbetsflöden och kalcium- och pH-beroende bindningsmekanismer. Genom att utveckla nya s.tt att konstruera dessa scaffolds bidrar resultaten till säkrare och effektivare proteinbaserade terapier för cancerbehandling.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2024. , p. 76
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2024:60
Keywords [en]
Alternative scaffolds, High-throughput selection, conditional binding, targeted cancer therapy, deep sequencing, calcium-dependent binding, pH-dependent binding, CaRA
Keywords [sv]
Alternativa proteinscaffolds, High-throughput-selektion, conditional binding, riktad cancerterapi, deep sequencing, kalcium-beroende bindning, pH-beroende bindning, CaRA
National Category
Biochemistry Molecular Biology
Research subject
Biotechnology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-356757ISBN: 978-91-8106-141-3 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-356757DiVA, id: diva2:1915232
Public defence
2024-12-13, D2, Lindstedtsvägen 9, via Zoom: https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/62280965187, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 2024-11-21

Available from: 2024-11-21 Created: 2024-11-21 Last updated: 2026-01-13Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. An easy-to-use high-throughput selection system for the discovery of recombinant protein binders from alternative scaffold libraries
Open this publication in new window or tab >>An easy-to-use high-throughput selection system for the discovery of recombinant protein binders from alternative scaffold libraries
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2023 (English)In: Protein Engineering Design & Selection, ISSN 1741-0126, E-ISSN 1741-0134, Vol. 36Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Oxford University Press (OUP), 2023
National Category
Biochemistry Molecular Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-338797 (URN)10.1093/protein/gzad011 (DOI)001090978700001 ()37702366 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85174831328 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Research Council, 2016-04717Swedish Research Council, 2021-04289Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation
Note

QC 20231123

Available from: 2023-10-26 Created: 2023-10-26 Last updated: 2025-02-20Bibliographically approved
2. CaRA – A multi-purpose phage display library for selection of calcium-regulated affinity proteins
Open this publication in new window or tab >>CaRA – A multi-purpose phage display library for selection of calcium-regulated affinity proteins
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2022 (English)In: New Biotechnology, ISSN 1871-6784, E-ISSN 1876-4347, Vol. 72, p. 159-167Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Protein activity regulated by interactions with metal ions can be utilized for many different purposes, including biological therapies and bioprocessing, among others. Calcium ions are known to interact with the frequently occurring EF-hand motif, which can alter protein activity upon binding through an induced conformational change. The calcium-binding loop of the EF-hand motif has previously been introduced into a small protein domain derived from staphylococcal Protein A in a successful effort to render antibody binding dependent on calcium. Presented here, is a combinatorial library for calcium-regulated affinity, CaRA, based on this domain. CaRA is the first alternative scaffold library designed to achieve novel target specificities with metal-dependent binding. From this library, several calcium-dependent binders could be isolated through phage display campaigns towards a set of unrelated target proteins (IgE Cε3-Cε4, TNFα, IL23, scFv, tPA, PCSK9 and HER3) useful for distinct applications. Overall, these monomeric CaRA variants showed high stability and target affinities within the nanomolar range. They displayed considerably higher melting temperatures in the presence of 1 mM calcium compared to without calcium. Further, all discovered binders proved to be calcium-dependent, with the great majority showing complete lack of target binding in the absence of calcium. As demonstrated, the CaRA library is highly capable of providing protein-binding domains with calcium-dependent behavior, independent of the type of target protein. These binding domains could subsequently be of great use in gentle protein purification or as novel therapeutic modalities.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier B.V., 2022
Keywords
Calcium-dependent binding, Phage display selection, Protein engineering, Z-domain
National Category
Biochemistry Molecular Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-328852 (URN)10.1016/j.nbt.2022.11.005 (DOI)000896515300005 ()36450334 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85142821413 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20230614

Available from: 2023-06-14 Created: 2023-06-14 Last updated: 2025-02-20Bibliographically approved
3. Deep sequencing combined with high-throughput screening enables efficient development of a pH-dependent high affinity binder targeting HER3
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Deep sequencing combined with high-throughput screening enables efficient development of a pH-dependent high affinity binder targeting HER3
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

In vitro methods for developing binders have been well established for many years, owing to the costefficient synthesis of DNA and high-throughput selection and screening technologies. However, achieving high-affinity binders often requires focused maturation libraries developed for a second selection, which typically demands a detailed understanding of the binding surfaces from the initial selection, a process that can be time-consuming. In this study, we accelerated this process by using deep sequencing data from the first selection to guide the design of the maturation library. Additionally, we employed a high-throughput screening system using flow cytometry based on Escherichia coli display to identify conditional binders from the selection output. This approach allowed us to develop a conditional high affinity binder, targeting the cancer biomarker HER3, exhibiting an affinity of 3.3 nM at extracellular pH 7.4. Interestingly, it features a pH-dependent release mechanism that enables rapid release in a slightly acidic environment (pH ≈ 6) resembling the endosomes. Further development of this novel binder holds the prerequisites for enhanced intracellular delivery of cytotoxic drugs.

National Category
Medical Biotechnology (with a focus on Cell Biology (including Stem Cell Biology), Molecular Biology, Microbiology, Biochemistry or Biopharmacy)
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-356754 (URN)
Note

QC 20241122

Available from: 2024-11-21 Created: 2024-11-21 Last updated: 2024-11-22Bibliographically approved
4. Engineering a calcium-regulated affinity protein targeting EGFR-expressing cells for efficient internalization and lysosomal toxin delivery
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Engineering a calcium-regulated affinity protein targeting EGFR-expressing cells for efficient internalization and lysosomal toxin delivery
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The emerging strategy of engineering protein-drug conjugates for selective cancer treatment, targeting specific cancer biomarkers with a toxic payload, has the potential to increase treatment efficacy. The targeting protein will ensure that the drug is specifically delivered, minimizing the toxicity in healthy tissue. However, for the treatment to be effective, the toxic payload needs to become internalized and remain there, thus the biological fate of the targeted receptor has a great impact on the outcome. Here, we present a strategy where engineering of conditional target affinity could render the internalization independent of the biological fate of the receptor. Described is the development of an EGFR binder, CaRAEGFR, with conditional affinity for the EGF receptor which is variable with the surrounding calcium concentration. A targeting protein with calcium-regulated affinity allows for endosomal receptor dissociation in the reduced calcium concentration observed in endosomes compared to circulation. By using bio-layer interferometry, we show that the target affinity of CaRAEGFR can be tailored by the available levels of calcium supplied. Further, we show that the binder interacts with EGFR-expressing cells only when calcium is present and confocal microscopy data shows internalization and lysosomal delivery of the calcium-dependent protein. Finally, when using the novel binder as a drug carrier for a toxin activated in the lysosomes it acts cytotoxically on the exposed EGFR-expressing cells.

National Category
Biochemistry Molecular Biology Medical Biotechnology (with a focus on Cell Biology (including Stem Cell Biology), Molecular Biology, Microbiology, Biochemistry or Biopharmacy)
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-356755 (URN)
Note

QC 20241122

Available from: 2024-11-21 Created: 2024-11-21 Last updated: 2025-02-20Bibliographically approved

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