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Cold solar: PVT heat exchanger designs for heat pump integration
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Applied Thermodynamics and Refrigeration.
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Applied Thermodynamics and Refrigeration.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2603-7595
AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Giefinggasse 2, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Applied Thermodynamics and Refrigeration. AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Giefinggasse 2, 1210 Vienna, Austria.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7354-6643
2025 (English)In: Applied Thermal Engineering, ISSN 1359-4311, E-ISSN 1873-5606, Vol. 261, article id 125020Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

There has been an increase in solar photovoltaic/thermal (PVT) research in recent years, however, relatively little research has been dedicated to the design of PVT collectors as part of a heat pump system. This study aims to identify cost-effective design strategies for a PVT collector absorber to be integrated into a ground source heat pump (GSHP) circuit and enhance heat capture from the ambient air. The effect of geometry, material selection, fins, and forced convection on the overall U-value and thermal performance coefficients of the collector, are evaluated under steady state conditions using numerical modelling tool COMSOL Multiphysics. An annual mean fluid temperature profile is derived from a PVT + GSHP system simulation to calculate the annual thermal energy output, energy-to-mass and energy-to-cost ratios of the absorbers. Results show that the addition of fins and forced convection have the greatest influence on collector thermal performance, while material selection has a negligible impact. The corrugated, polycarbonate absorber with 10 mm fins, generates 55 % more thermal energy (1,464 kWhth/m2-yr) than the reference metallic sheet and tube collector at an energy-to-cost ratio 1/10th the reference, suggesting good market potential. An exergy analysis reveals that thermal exergy contributes 20 % to 50 % of the total exergy output, highlighting that low-temperature PVT designs exhibiting a smaller thermal share relative to electrical exergy compared to their higher temperature counterparts. This work's novelty and contribution comes from PVT design specifically for GSHP integration, examined at component and system levels, from both technical and economic perspectives.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV , 2025. Vol. 261, article id 125020
Keywords [en]
Absorber design, Economic analysis, Finned heat exchanger, Numerical modelling, Solar heat pumps, Solar hybrid, Techno-economic
National Category
Energy Engineering Energy Systems
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-357918DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.125020ISI: 001373804100001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85210903804OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-357918DiVA, id: diva2:1922625
Funder
StandUp
Note

QC 20250120

Available from: 2024-12-19 Created: 2024-12-19 Last updated: 2026-05-19Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Solar PV/Thermal Collectors for Cold-Climate Heat Pumps: A techno-economic analysis from component to systems integration
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Solar PV/Thermal Collectors for Cold-Climate Heat Pumps: A techno-economic analysis from component to systems integration
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Meeting climate targets will require deploying heat pumps at a rate 10 times higher than today, implying not only accelerating installations in existing markets but also unlocking their potential where adoption is constrained by social, technical, or economic barriers. Conventional heat pump solutions, such as ground source systems, may be limited by land availability and high investment, whereas air-source units may face noise or aesthetic constraints and reduced performance at low outdoor temperatures. In this context, photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) collectors are of particular interest, as they provide both electricity and heat from the same surface area and can be integrated either as supplementary and regenerative support to ground source heat pumps (GSHPs), or as the sole heat source.

This doctoral thesis investigates how different PVT collector designs should be integrated with heat pumps (HP) under Nordic climatic conditions, focusing on multi-family buildings where borehole drilling is limited or not possible. The work combines numerical modelling, outdoor experimental testing, dynamic system simulation, and techno-economic analysis to address four questions: i) the design features governing low-temperature collector performance, ii) the experimental comparison of different PVT concepts, iii) the design of PVT+GSHP systems under constrained borehole capacity, and iv) the techno-economic feasibility of PVT-sourced heat pumps.

The component-level results show that low-temperature PVT performance is governed primarily by the thermal contact area between the PV module, the circulating fluid, and surrounding air. Designs with limited contact area and no extended surfaces exhibit similar performance despite differences in material, whereas rear-side fins significantly increase ambient heat capture, leading to 2-3x greater heat transfer coefficients compared to conventional collectors.

At system level, the role of a PVT array depends on its function within the HP system. In PVT-assisted GSHP systems with reduced borehole capacity, flow rate and array size have the greatest impact on techno-economic performance. The cost optimum is reached at collector fields of about 0.7-1.2 m² per kWth of heat pump capacity and flow rates of about 60-80 l/h-m². Differences between collector designs are less important; while finned collectors increase annual thermal yield by 20-30 %, this translates into less than 3 % difference in seasonal performance factor at system level. Across the investigated electricity-price cases, the optimized PVT+GSHP system achieves lower lifetime costs than district heating (DH), air-source heat pump (ASHP), and solar PV+GSHP.

For heat pump systems using PVT as the sole heat source, the design logic changes fundamentally because the collector field must supply sufficient instantaneous thermal power without the buffering effect of the ground. Collector design therefore becomes more important, and finned concepts outperform unfinned designs by maintaining higher source temperatures and reducing auxiliary heating demand. Below about 2.5 m²/kWth, auxiliary heating exceeds 40 % and seasonal performance factor (SPF4+) remains below 1.8. At around 3.5 m²/kWth, auxiliary heating falls below 30 % and SPF4+ reaches approximately 2.3-2.4 for the best performing designs. The results confirm that PVT-sourced heat pumps are technically feasible in cold climates, with best-performing configurations achieving TLCC values of approximately 515-530 k€. However, while they provide a lower-cost alternative to district heating, they remain above the ASHP, PV+GSHP, and PVT+GSHP benchmarks.

Overall, this thesis establishes a techno-economic design logic for unglazed PVT collectors used as low-temperature heat sources for heat pumps in cold climates. It demonstrates that PVT can enable or strengthen heat pump solutions under drilling constraints, and that the preferred collector design depends strongly on whether PVT supports a GSHP or acts as the sole heat source. These findings provide practical guidance for collector manufacturers, system designers, building owners, and decision-makers working on the electrification of heating in dense urban areas.

Abstract [sv]

Att uppnå klimatmålen kommer att kräva att värmepumpar installeras i en takt som är tio gånger högre än idag. Detta kräver fler installationer på befintliga marknader och att värmepumparnas potential frigörs där användningen begränsas av sociala, tekniska eller ekonomiska hinder. Konventionella värmepumpslösningar, såsom bergvärmesystem, kan begränsas av tillgång till mark och höga investeringar, medan luftvärmepumpar kan möta bullerrelaterade eller estetiska begränsningar och uppvisa lägre prestanda vid låga utomhustemperaturer. I detta sammanhang är photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) kollektorer av särskilt intresse, eftersom de kan producera både el och värme från samma yta och integreras antingen som kompletterande och regenererande stöd till bergvärmepumpar, eller som den enda värmekällan.

Denna doktorsavhandling undersöker hur PVT-kollektordesigner integreras med värmepumpar under nordiska klimatförhållanden, med fokus på flerbostadshus där borrning av energibrunnar är begränsad eller inte möjlig. Arbetet kombinerar numerisk modellering, utomhusexperiment, dynamisk systemmodellering och teknoekonomisk analys för att besvara fyra frågor: i) vilka designparametrar som styr kollektorprestanda vid låga temperaturer, ii) experimentell jämförelse av olika PVT-koncept, iii) utformning av PVT+bergvärmesystem under begränsad borrhålskapacitet, och iv) teknoekonomisk genomförbarhet för värmepumpar med PVT som värmekälla.

Resultaten på komponentnivå visar att PVT-prestanda vid låg temperatur främst styrs av den termiska kontaktytan mellan PV-modulen, värmebäraren och omgivande luft. Designer med begränsad kontaktyta och utan utökade värmeöverförande ytor uppvisar liknande prestanda trots skillnader i material, medan baksidesflänsar ökar värmeupptaget från omgivningsluften, vilket leder till 2–3 gånger högre värmeövergångskoefficienter än standardkollektorer.

På systemnivå beror PVT-fältets roll på dess funktion i värmepumpssystemet. I PVT-assisterade bergvärmesystem med reducerad borrhålskapacitet är flödeshastighet och kollektorarea de designvariabler som har störst påverkan på den teknoekonomiska prestandan. Kostnadsoptimum uppnås vid kollektorfält på omkring 0.7–1.2 m² per kWth värmepumpskapacitet och flödeshastigheter på omkring 60–80 l/h-m². Skillnader mellan kollektordesigner är mindre viktiga; även om flänsförsedda kollektorer ökar den årliga termiska produktionen med 20–30 %, motsvarar detta mindre än 3 % skillnad i årsvärmefaktor på systemnivå. För de undersökta elprisscenarierna uppnår det optimerade PVT+bergvärmesystemet lägre livscykelkostnader än fjärrvärme, luftvärmepumpar och solceller+bergvärme.

För värmepumpssystem där PVT används som enda värmekälla förändras designlogiken i grunden eftersom kollektorfältet måste leverera tillräcklig momentan termisk effekt utan markens buffrande effekt. Kollektordesignen blir därför viktigare, och flänsförsedda koncept presterar bättre än koncept utan flänsar genom att upprätthålla högre källtemperaturer och minska behovet av tillsatsvärme. Under omkring 2.5 m²/kWth överstiger andelen tillsatsvärme 40 % och årsvärmefaktorn (SPF4+) ligger under 1.8. Vid omkring 3.5 m²/kWth sjunker andelen tillsatsvärme till under 30 % och SPF4+ når cirka 2.3–2.4. Resultaten bekräftar att värmepumpar med PVT som värmekälla är tekniskt genomförbara i kalla klimat, där de bäst presterande konfigurationerna uppnår TLCC-värden på cirka 515–530 k€. Även om de därmed utgör ett billigare alternativ än fjärrvärme, ligger de fortfarande över referenssystemen med luftvärmepump, solceller+bergvärme och PVT+bergvärme.

Sammantaget etablerar avhandlingen en teknoekonomisk designlogik för oglasade PVT-kollektorer som lågtemperaturvärmekällor för värmepumpar i kalla klimat. Den visar att PVT kan möjliggöra eller stärka värmepumpslösningar under borrningsbegränsningar, och att föredragen kollektordesign beror på om PVT stödjer ett bergvärmesystem eller fungerar som enda värmekälla. Resultaten ger praktisk vägledning för kollektortillverkare, systemdesigners, fastighetsägare och beslutsfattare inom elektrifiering av uppvärmning i täta urbana områden.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2026. p. 100
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2026:18
Keywords
photovoltaic-thermal, ground source heat pump, numerical modelling, TRNSYS, heating electrification, borehole regeneration, solhybridkollektor, photovoltaic-thermal, bergvärmepump, numerisk modellering, TRNSYS, elektrifiering av uppvärmning, borrhålsregenerering
National Category
Energy Engineering
Research subject
Energy Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-381606 (URN)978-91-8106-645-6 (ISBN)
Public defence
2026-06-09, Kollegiesalen / https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/66678078357, Brinellvägen 8, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2026-05-19 Created: 2026-05-19 Last updated: 2026-06-02Bibliographically approved

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Beltrán, FranciscoSommerfeldt, NelsonMadani, Hatef

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