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Electric truck adoption and charging development: Policy insights from a dynamic model
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Centres, Integrated Transport Research Lab, ITRL.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6644-5884
Energy Engineering Department, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 11365-8639, Iran.
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Centres, Integrated Transport Research Lab, ITRL. Skogforsk, Uppsala Science Park, 751 83 Uppsala.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2011-6273
2025 (English)In: Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, ISSN 1361-9209, E-ISSN 1879-2340, Vol. 139, article id 104515Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The adoption of electric heavy trucks holds great potential for decarbonising freight transportation, but the market remains nascent. Electrification of the road freight transportation system is complex, involving many interrelated variables, including vehicles, charging infrastructure, and various stakeholders. Effective policy interventions are crucial for accelerating the transition, and developing dynamic models is helpful for understanding the dynamics involved. This study develops a system dynamics model to explore the long-term adoption of electric trucks and charging infrastructure development, considering technology maturity, awareness, and cost. Using real-world data from Sweden (2017–2060), the model analyses various policy levers. The results show that increasing subsidies for charging stations leads to a considerable rise in electric truck adoption, while investments in vehicle technology maturity are the most cost-efficient when financial resources are constrained. By modelling policy interventions endogenously, the study highlights the dynamic impact of policymaking on accelerating the transition to sustainable road freight transport.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV , 2025. Vol. 139, article id 104515
Keywords [en]
Charging infrastructure, Electric heavy trucks, Electrification, Policy analysis, Road freight transport system, System dynamics
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-358181DOI: 10.1016/j.trd.2024.104515ISI: 001391125800001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85212342717OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-358181DiVA, id: diva2:1924808
Note

QC 20250121

Available from: 2025-01-07 Created: 2025-01-07 Last updated: 2025-11-24Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. System-level impact of electrification on the road freight transport system: a System Dynamics approach
Open this publication in new window or tab >>System-level impact of electrification on the road freight transport system: a System Dynamics approach
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Road freight transport is a major contributor to global emissions. Decarbonising the sector is challenging but essential to achieving sustainability goals. While electrification of heavy-duty trucks offers a promising decarbonisation pathway, this transition is more than just a technological shift; it is a "system transition" shaped by multiple interconnections among technological innovation, infrastructure expansion, market adoption, stakeholder engagement, and policy interventions. Understanding this system transition requires moving beyond isolated technical or financial analyses toward a holistic perspective that captures how decisions by stakeholders such as freight operators, charging providers, vehicle manufacturers, electricity suppliers, and policymakers interact through feedback mechanisms that unfold over time.

This thesis investigates the dynamic complexity shaping the transition to electrified road freight transport using System Dynamics (SD) methodology. Through six appended papers, the research addresses three fundamental questions: How does electrification impact the freight system at the system level? How can this dynamic complexity be modelled? How can such modelling support informed decision-making toward sustainable transport?

The research begins by structuring future pathways for automation, electrification, and digitalisation using morphological analysis, mapping 23 technology parameters across four scenarios. A conceptual multi‑layer model then distinguishes direct electrification effects (e.g., vehicle cost, charging need) from induced effects that ripple through supply chains, transport markets and infrastructure, illustrated with causal loop diagrams (CLDs). Three quantitative SD models capture critical transition dynamics: the co-evolution of electric truck adoption and charging infrastructure development, revealing "chicken-and-egg" dynamics and policy leverage points; the complex trade-offs between business efficiency and societal efficiency, exposing potential rebound effects; and the cross-sectoral interdependencies between freight electrification and electricity supply, revealing how capacity constraints and price dynamics impact electric truck adoption trajectories. Finally, a multi‑system transitions (MST) perspective is combined with qualitative SD in two cases (forestry, port hinterland) to map technology, actor and institutional couplings between freight and electricity systems.

The thesis contributes with (1) a structured, system‑level framing of freight electrification that makes feedbacks and induced effects explicit; (2) calibrated SD models that quantify adoption‑infrastructure co‑evolution, system‑wide efficiency dynamics and transport‑electricity interdependencies; (3) a methodological advancement in applying SD to freight electrification transitions through integration with multi‑layer and multi‑system transition frameworks; (4) guidance on policy timing, mix and stability, including phase‑specific recommendations; and (5) participatory decision‑support tools that help public and private actors test interventions under uncertainty. Together, these contributions equip stakeholders with the system-level understanding needed to make strategic decisions and steer the transition toward a sustainable road freight transport system.

Abstract [sv]

Godstransporter på väg är en betydande källa till globala utsläpp, och att ställa om sektorn är svårt men avgörande för att nå hållbarhetsmålen. Elektrifiering av tunga lastbilar (e-lastbilar) erbjuder en lovande väg, men omställningen är mer än en teknisk förändring; det handlar om en systemomställning som formas av samverkande kopplingar mellan teknisk innovation, utbyggnad av infrastruktur, marknadsintroduktion, aktörsengagemang och styrmedel. För att förstå dynamiken i systemet krävs ett helhetsperspektiv som går bortom isolerade tekniska eller finansiella analyser och fångar hur beslut av aktörer – såsom transportörer, laddoperatörer, fordonstillverkare, elbolag och beslutsfattare – påverkar varandra genom återkopplingsmekanismer över tid.

Denna avhandling undersöker den dynamiska komplexiteten i övergången till elektrifierade godstransporter på väg med hjälp av systemdynamik (System Dynamics, SD). Genom sex artiklar behandlas tre grundfrågor: hur elektrifiering påverkar godstransportsystemet på systemnivå, hur denna dynamik kan modelleras, och hur sådan modellering kan stödja välgrundat beslutsfattande för en hållbar transportsektor.

Arbetet inleds med att strukturera framtida möjliga utvecklingsvägar för automation, elektrifiering och digitalisering med morfologisk analys, där 23 teknologiparametrar kartläggs över fyra scenarier. Därefter presenteras en konceptuell flernivåmodell som skiljer mellan direkta elektrifieringseffekter (t.ex. fordonskostnad, laddbehov) och inducerade effekter som fortplantar sig genom leveranskedjor, transportmarknader och infrastruktur, illustrerade med kausala slingdiagram (causal loop diagrams, CLD). Tre kvantitativa SD-modeller fångar centrala dynamiker för omställningen. Den första modellen analyserar samspelet mellan införande av e-lastbilar och utbyggnad av laddinfrastruktur, som blottlägger "hönan-och-ägget-dynamik" och påverkan av olika styrmedel. Den andra modellen undersöker komplexa avvägningar mellan företagsekonomisk och samhällsekonomisk effektivitet, inklusive möjliga reboundeffekter. Den tredje modellen kartlägger tvärsektoriella kopplingar mellan elektrifiering av godstransporter och elsystemets kapacitet, där flaskhalsar och prisdynamik formar införandebanor. Avslutningsvis kombineras ett multisystemperspektiv (multi-system transitions, MST) med kvalitativ SD i två fall (skogsbruket respektive hamnens inlandstransporter) för att kartlägga tekniska, aktörsmässiga och institutionella kopplingar mellan transport- och elsystem.

Avhandlingen bidrar med (1) ramverk på systemnivå som explicitgör återkopplingar och inducerade effekter; (2) SD-modeller som kvantifierar samutvecklingen mellan införande av e-lastbilar och infrastruktur, systemomfattande effektivitetsdynamik samt beroenden mellan utvecklingen av transport- och elsystemet; (3) ett metodologiskt bidrag genom tillämpning av SD på elektrifieringsomställningen av godstransporter och integration med flernivåmodeller och ramverk för omställning av multisystem; (4) vägledning avseende timing, sammansättning och stabilitet för styrmedel, inklusive rekommendationer för olika omställningsfaser; samt (5) ett beslutsstöd som hjälper offentliga och privata aktörer att testa åtgärder under osäkerhet. Tillsammans ger dessa bidrag aktörer den systemförståelse som krävs för strategiska beslut och för att styra omställningen mot ett hållbart godstransportsystem på väg.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. p. 219
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2025:44
Keywords
road freight transport system, logistics, electrification, electric trucks, system-level effects, sustainability transitions, system thinking, system dynamics, causal loop diagram, and policy analysis., godstransporter på väg, logistik, elektrifiering, eldrivna tunga lastbilar, systemnivåeffekter, hållbarhetstransitioner, systemtänkande, systemdynamik, kausala slingdiagram, policystudier
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics Energy Systems
Research subject
Machine Design
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-373171 (URN)
Public defence
2025-12-11, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/65911695046, sal F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26-28, Stockholm, 14:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-11-20 Created: 2025-11-20 Last updated: 2025-11-24Bibliographically approved

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Raoofi, ZeinabPernestål Brenden, Anna

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