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Online Condition Monitoring, Adaptive Control, and Novel Submodule Designs in Cascaded H-Bridge and Modular Multilevel Converters
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electric Power and Energy Systems.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5919-2308
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Reliable operation of flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) and high voltage direct current (HVDC) systems is necessary for stable operation of modern power grids. Converters used in FACTS and HVDC applications that are designed with high reliability constraints may still experience stoppages as a result of component failures. This may be a result of process variations in component manufacturing that can lead to over-stressing and failure of strategic components. Consequently, online estimation of parameters that provide information about the state-of-health (SoH) of critical components in these converters is crucial. This approach can help avoid unplanned stoppages and increase their availability.

Cascaded H-bridge converters (CHBCs) and modular multilevel converters (MMCs) are currently considered the state-of-the-art solutions for high-voltage and high-power conversion in both AC and DC applications. This thesis provides various solutions for online condition monitoring of submodule capacitors and power semiconductors, which are among the most critical components of CHBCs and MMCs. Moreover, novel methods are proposed to decouple the effect of temperature on health-indicating parameters. The proposed condition monitoring methods are broadly categorized into time-domain and frequency-domain estimation techniques. Both methods are thoroughly analyzed and the advantages and disadvantages of each method are explained. Furthermore, the robustness of the proposed solutions are shown under various load conditions, and in the presence of measurement uncertainties such as noise. 

The thesis also presents adaptive online methods to reduce the voltage stress on components estimated to be health-degraded. Stress reduction is achieved through modified modulation schemes, where the capacitor voltage of health-degraded submodules is reduced. The proposed adaptive control is shown to have a minor effect on the quality of the generated output current.

Finally, the thesis proposes novel semiconductor modules that comprise series-connected and parallel-connected semiconductor devices. The proposed solutions are intended to simplify the protection system and potentially provide fault-ride-though functionality in the event of single device failures in the module. The main challenge in the proposed design is the voltage balancing of series-connected devices. Two different active snubber circuits for overvoltage protection of each device are proposed, where either an active closed-loop-controlled design or a sensorless self-triggered design can be used to protect the series-connected devices against overvoltages. 

The different solutions presented in this thesis have been validated through a variety of approaches, including analytical methods, time-domain simulations, experimental testing, or a combination of these.

Abstract [sv]

Tillförlitlig drift av flexibla växelspänningstransmissionsystem (FACTS) och högspänd likströmsöverföring (HVDC) är nödvändiga för stabil drift av moderna kraftnät. Effektomvandlare som har tagits fram med höga tillförlitlighetskrav kan fortfarande uppleva driftstörningar som resultat av komponentfel. Dessa är inte konstruktionsfel, utan snarare ett resultat av processvariationer i komponenttillverkning som kan leda till överbelastning och haverier i strategiska komponenter. Följaktligen kan online-estimering av parametrar som ger information om hälsotillståndet (SOH) för viktiga komponenter i omvandlaren vara behjälpliga i att undvika oplanerade driftstörningar och öka tillgängligheten. 

Så kallade Cascaded H-bridge converters (CHBC) och Modular Multilevel Converters (MMC) anses för närvarande vara de mest avancerade lösningarna för högspänd högeffektomvandling i både växelspännings- och likspänningstillämpningar. Denna avhandling presenterar olika lösningar för online-övervakning av hälsotillstånd för submodulkondensatorer och effekthalvledarkomponenter, vilka räknas bland de mest kritiska komponenterna i CHBC- och MMC- tillämpningar. Dessutom föreslås nya metoder att separera temperaturrelaterade variationer av hälsoparametrar från hälsorelaterade variationer av dessa parametrar. De föreslagna metoderna för tillståndsövervakning kategoriseras allmänt som tidsbaserade och frekvensbaserade tekniker. Båda metoderna analyseras noggrant och fördelarna och nackdelarna med respektive metod belyses. Vidare belyses robustheten hos de föreslagna lösningarna vid olika driftförhållanden och under inverkan av mätosäkerheter som brus.

Avhandlingen presenterar också adaptiva online-metoder för att minska spänningspåkänningen av komponenter som antas vara hälsodegraderade. Reduktion av påkänningar uppnås genom ett modifierat moduleringsförfarande, där kondensatorspänningen hos hälsodegraderade submoduler reduceras. Denna adaptiv styrning av submodulkondensatorernas spänning visar sig ha en obetydlig inverkan på kvaliteten av den genererade utgångsströmmen.

Slutligen föreslås nya effekthalvledarmoduler som nyttjar såväl serie- som parallellkopplade halvledarenheter. De föreslagna lösningarna syftar till att förenkla skyddssystemet och potentiellt erbjuda feltålighet vid enhetsfel i modulen. Den största utmaningen för den föreslagna konstruktionen är spänningsbalanseringen av de seriekopplade enheterna. Två olika aktiva snubbersystem för överspänningsskydd för varje enhet föreslås. Det ena är ett återkopplat reglersystem och det andra är ett sensorlöst självinitierande system. 

De olika lösningarna som presenteras i denna avhandling har validerats genom en rad olika tillvägagångssätt, inklusive analytiska metoder, tidsdomänsimuleringar, experiment eller en kombination av dessa.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. , p. x, 83
Series
TRITA-EECS-AVL ; 2025:12
Keywords [en]
Cascaded H-Bridge Converters (CHBC), Condition Monitoring, Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS), High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC), Modular Multilevel Converters (MMC), Online Estimation, Reliability, Series-Connected Semiconductor Devices, State-of-Health (SOH), Submodule Design
Keywords [sv]
Kaskadkopplade H-bryggeomvandlare (CHBC), tillståndsestimering, flexibla växelströmstransmissionssystem (FATS), högspänd likströmstransmission (HVDC), modulära multinivå-omvandlare (MMC), online-estimering, tillförlitlighet, seriekopplade effekthalvledarkomponenter, State-of-Health (SOH), submodulkonstruktion
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Research subject
Electrical Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-358852ISBN: 978-91-8106-168-0 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-358852DiVA, id: diva2:1930295
Public defence
2025-02-07, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 6, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 20250122

Available from: 2025-01-22 Created: 2025-01-22 Last updated: 2025-12-17Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Online Health Monitoring of DC-Link Capacitors in Modular Multilevel Converters for FACTS and HVDC Applications
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Online Health Monitoring of DC-Link Capacitors in Modular Multilevel Converters for FACTS and HVDC Applications
Show others...
2021 (English)In: IEEE transactions on power electronics, ISSN 0885-8993, E-ISSN 1941-0107, Vol. 36, no 12, p. 13489-13503Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This article presents an online health monitoring scheme for dc capacitors in modular multilevel converters (MMCs). The health monitoring algorithm is based on detecting changes in the dc capacitance value over time. The proposed algorithm only utilizes measurements that are typically available in flexible alternating current transmission systems and high-voltage direct current applications. Hence, in the proposed estimation method, no additional sensors are used. The estimation scheme considers the presence of noise in voltage and current measurements, and utilizes a recursive least square estimator in conjunction with a special low-pass filter to minimize the estimation errors. Simulation results of a hardware replica, as well as experimental results on a low-power MMC prototype show that the proposed scheme can identify the dc-link capacitance value with a maximum error of 1%.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2021
Keywords
Capacitors, Estimation, Capacitance, Current measurement, Voltage measurement, Automatic voltage control, Monitoring, DC capacitor, flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS), health estimation, modular multilevel converter (MMC), online monitoring, reliability
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-300941 (URN)10.1109/TPEL.2021.3091780 (DOI)000686884300019 ()2-s2.0-85117568674 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20210903

Available from: 2021-09-03 Created: 2021-09-03 Last updated: 2025-01-22Bibliographically approved
2. Accurate Condition Monitoring of Semiconductor Devices in Cascaded H-Bridge Modular Multilevel Converters
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Accurate Condition Monitoring of Semiconductor Devices in Cascaded H-Bridge Modular Multilevel Converters
Show others...
2023 (English)In: IEEE transactions on power electronics, ISSN 0885-8993, E-ISSN 1941-0107, Vol. 38, no 3, p. 3870-3884Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This article presents an online condition monitoring (CM) scheme for semiconductors used in modular multilevel converters (MMCs) that comprise cascaded H-bridge submodules. The CM algorithm is based on detecting changes in the ON-state resistance of the semiconductors over time. The proposed method is shown to successfully perform a curve tracing of semiconductors in MMCs while the semiconductor junction remains at a temperature that is readily measurable and undergoes minute changes during the measurement process. The ON-state resistance value is estimated from the measured ON-state voltage drop of the semiconductors and the measured arm current. Measuring the ON-state resistance at known temperatures allows for separating temperature-dependent variations of the ON-state resistance from age-dependent variations of this parameter. Suitable methods for reducing the effect of noise on the curve-traced data are proposed, and a recursive least square estimator is used to extract the optimum ON-state resistance from the traced v(CE) - i

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2023
Keywords
Temperature measurement, Semiconductor device measurement, Electrical resistance measurement, Automatic voltage control, Resistance, Monitoring, Voltage measurement, Cascaded H-bridge, condition monitoring (CM), flexible ac transmission systems (FACTS), health estimation, modular multilevel converter (MMC), online monitoring, reliability, semiconductors
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-324458 (URN)10.1109/TPEL.2022.3221285 (DOI)000922862100102 ()2-s2.0-85141652178 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20230315

Available from: 2023-03-15 Created: 2023-03-15 Last updated: 2025-01-22Bibliographically approved
3. A Novel ON-State Resistance Estimation Technique for Online Condition Monitoring of Semiconductor Devices Under Noisy Conditions
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A Novel ON-State Resistance Estimation Technique for Online Condition Monitoring of Semiconductor Devices Under Noisy Conditions
Show others...
2024 (English)In: IEEE Open Journal of Instrumentation and Measurement, ISSN 2768-7236, Vol. 3, article id 3500113Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This article presents a novel method for accurate online extraction of semiconductor ON-state resistance in the presence of measurement noise. In this method, the ON-state resistance value is extracted from the measured ON-state voltage of the semiconductors and the measured load current. The extracted ON-state resistance can be used for online condition monitoring of semiconductors. The proposed method is based on the extraction of selective harmonic content. The estimated values are further enhanced through an integral action that increases the signal-to-noise ratio, making the proposed method suitable in the presence of noisy measurements. The efficacy of the proposed method is verified through simulations in the MATLAB/Simulink environment, and experimentally. The estimated ON-state resistance values from the online setup are compared to offline measurements from an industrial curve tracer, where an overall estimation error of less than 1% is observed. The proposed solution maintains its estimation accuracy under variable load conditions and for different temperatures of the device under test.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2024
Keywords
Semiconductor device measurement, Voltage measurement, Electrical resistance measurement, Temperature measurement, Resistance, Current measurement, Estimation, Condition monitoring, health monitoring, online estimation, ON-state resistance, reliability, semiconductor devices, state of health
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-350046 (URN)10.1109/OJIM.2024.3379414 (DOI)001252441500001 ()2-s2.0-85205405560 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20240705

Available from: 2024-07-05 Created: 2024-07-05 Last updated: 2025-01-22Bibliographically approved
4. Practical Online Condition Monitoring of DC-Link Capacitors in Modular Multilevel Converters: A Comparative Approach
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Practical Online Condition Monitoring of DC-Link Capacitors in Modular Multilevel Converters: A Comparative Approach
2024 (English)In: IEEE Open Journal of Power Electronics, E-ISSN 2644-1314, Vol. 5, p. 1093-1106Article in journal (Refereed) Published
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-358812 (URN)10.1109/ojpel.2024.3387829 (DOI)001282380300002 ()2-s2.0-85190345159 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20250121

Available from: 2025-01-21 Created: 2025-01-21 Last updated: 2025-01-22Bibliographically approved
5. Current-Independent Online Condition Monitoring of DC-Link Capacitors in Cascaded H-bridge and Modular Multilevel Converters
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Current-Independent Online Condition Monitoring of DC-Link Capacitors in Cascaded H-bridge and Modular Multilevel Converters
2024 (English)Conference paper, Oral presentation with published abstract (Refereed)
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-358839 (URN)
Conference
2024 IEEE 9th Southern Power Electronics Conference (SPEC), Brisbane, QLD, Australia, Dec. 2-5, 2024
Note

QC 20250218

Available from: 2025-01-21 Created: 2025-01-21 Last updated: 2025-02-18Bibliographically approved
6. A Time-Skew Resilient Online Condition Monitoring Technique for Power MOSFETs Based on ON-State Resistance Estimation
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A Time-Skew Resilient Online Condition Monitoring Technique for Power MOSFETs Based on ON-State Resistance Estimation
2024 (English)Conference paper, Oral presentation with published abstract (Refereed)
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-358838 (URN)
Conference
2024 IEEE 9th Southern Power Electronics Conference (SPEC), Brisbane, QLD, Australia, Dec. 2-5, 2024
Note

QC 20250218

Available from: 2025-01-21 Created: 2025-01-21 Last updated: 2025-02-18Bibliographically approved
7. An Active Voltage Balancing Technique for Series Connection of Semiconductor Devices in Modular Multilevel Converters
Open this publication in new window or tab >>An Active Voltage Balancing Technique for Series Connection of Semiconductor Devices in Modular Multilevel Converters
2024 (English)In: 2024 Energy Conversion Congress & Expo Europe (ECCE Europe), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2024Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Series connection of semiconductor devices facilitates the development of higher-voltage submodules in modular multilevel converters (MMCs) using commercially available lower-voltage semiconductor devices. However, if left uncontrolled, series-connected semiconductors may experience unequal voltage sharing after each switching event. This unequal distribution lead to semiconductor damage and system failure. This paper proposes a novel method for the series connection of semiconductor devices. The proposed solution utilizes an active snubber circuit (ASC) and a unique control system that ensure controlled voltage sharing among the semiconductors. The solution is mainly intended for MMCs operating at low switching frequencies. The efficacy of the proposed solution is verified through simulations in the MATLAB/Simulink environment.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2024
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-358811 (URN)10.1109/ECCEEurope62508.2024.10752059 (DOI)2-s2.0-85211803231 (Scopus ID)
Conference
2024 Energy Conversion Congress & Expo Europe (ECCE Europe)
Note

Part of ISBN 979-8-3503-6444-6

QC 20250121

Available from: 2025-01-21 Created: 2025-01-21 Last updated: 2025-02-25Bibliographically approved
8. A Sensorless Active Snubber Circuit for Series Connection of Semiconductor Devices in Modular Multilevel Converters
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A Sensorless Active Snubber Circuit for Series Connection of Semiconductor Devices in Modular Multilevel Converters
2024 (English)In: 2024 IEEE 9th Southern Power Electronics Conference (SPEC), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2024Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Commercially available semiconductor devices have a limited range of operating voltages. This operating voltage can be increased through series connection of the devices. In this paper, a novel active snubber circuit (ASC) is proposed that protects series-connected semiconductor devices from overvoltages during operation. The unique advantage of the proposed solution is that it does not use additional sensors or an external controller for voltage protection. That is, each ASC is equipped with sufficient components to protect its respective device. The proposed solution is mainly developed for cascaded H-bridge (CHB) and modular multilevel converters (MMCs) intended for flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS) and high-voltage direct current (HVDC) applications, which typically operate at low switching frequencies. Suitable extensions of the proposed design are provided for increased current capability and for possible fault-ride-through functionality. The efficacy of the proposed solution is verified by simulations in the MATLAB/Simulink environment.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2024
Keywords
Active snubber, flexible ac transmission systems, high voltage direct current, modular multilevel converter, series connection
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-358840 (URN)10.1109/SPEC62217.2024.10893142 (DOI)001445813800055 ()2-s2.0-105001121161 (Scopus ID)
Conference
2024 IEEE 9th Southern Power Electronics Conference (SPEC), Brisbane, QLD, Australia, December 2-5, 2024
Note

Part of ISBN

979-8-3503-5115-6

QC 20250415

Available from: 2025-01-21 Created: 2025-01-21 Last updated: 2025-05-27Bibliographically approved
9. Virtual Flux-Based Modulation for Adaptive Stress Alleviation of Degraded Cells in CHB-Based MMCs
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Virtual Flux-Based Modulation for Adaptive Stress Alleviation of Degraded Cells in CHB-Based MMCs
2025 (English)Conference paper, Poster (with or without abstract) (Refereed)
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-358841 (URN)
Conference
PCIM Europe, Nuremberg, Germany, 6-8 May 2025
Note

QC 20250513

Available from: 2025-01-21 Created: 2025-01-21 Last updated: 2025-05-13Bibliographically approved

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  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
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  • Other style
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  • en-GB
  • en-US
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