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Channel Estimation and Interference Mitigation for Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5048-331X
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

In the sixth generation of wireless communication systems (6G), there exist multiple candidate enabling technologies that help the wireless network satisfy the ever-increasing demand for speed, coverage, reliability, and mobility. Among these technologies, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) extend the coverage of a wireless network into dead zones, increase capacity, and facilitate integrated sensing and communications (ISAC) tasks by consuming very low power, thus contributing to energy efficiency as well.

RISs are meta-material-based devices whose electromagnetic reflection characteristics can be controlled externally to cater to the needs of the communication links. Most ubiquitously, this comes in the form of adding a desired phase shift to an incident wave before reflecting it, which can be used to phase-align multiple incident waves to increase the strength of the signal at the receiver and provide coverage to an area that otherwise would be a dead zone.

While this portrays an image of a dream technology that would boost the existing wireless networks significantly, RISs do not come without engineering problems. First of all, the individual elements do not exhibit ideal reflection characteristics, that is, they attenuate the incident signal in a fashion depending on the configured phase shift. This creates the phenomenon called "phase-dependent amplitude". Another problem caused by RISs is the channel estimation overhead. In a multiple-antenna communication system, the channel between two terminals is as complex as the product of the number of antennas at each end. However, when an RIS comes into the equation, the cascade of the transmitter-RIS and RIS-receiver channels has a complexity further multiplied by the number of RIS elements. Consequently, the channel estimation process to utilize the RIS effectively becomes more demanding, that is, more pilot signals are required to estimate the channel for coherent reception. This adversely affects the effective data rate within a communication system since more resources need to be spent for pilot transmission and fewer resources can be allocated for data transmission. While there exists some work on reducing the channel dimensions by exploiting the channel structure, this problem persists for unstructured channels. In addition, for the wireless networks using multiple RISs, a new kind of pilot contamination arises, which is the main topic of this thesis.

In the first part of this thesis, we study this new kind of pilot contamination in a multi-operator context, where two operators provide services to their respective served users and share a single site. Each operator has a single dedicated RIS and they use disjoint frequency bands, but each RIS inadvertently reflects the transmitted uplink signals of the user equipment devices in multiple bands. Consequently, the concurrent reflection of pilot signals during the channel estimation phase introduces a new inter-operator pilot contamination effect. We investigate the implications of this effect in systems with either deterministic or correlated Rayleigh fading channels, specifically focusing on its impact on channel estimation quality, signal equalization, and channel capacity. The numerical results demonstrate the substantial degradation in system performance caused by this phenomenon and highlight the pressing need to address inter-operator pilot contamination in multi-operator RIS deployments. To combat the negative effect of this new type of pilot contamination, we propose to use orthogonal RIS configurations during uplink pilot transmission, which can mitigate or eliminate the negative effect of inter-operator pilot contamination at the expense of some inter-operator information exchange and orchestration.

In the second part of this thesis, we revisit the inter-operator pilot contamination. This time, however, we investigate the use of multiple antennas at the base stations to eliminate inter-operator pilot contamination. While orthogonalizing the RIS configurations as in the single antenna case eliminates pilot contamination, it doubles the number of pilots required to perform channel estimation. Considering the extant pilot overhead problem in RIS-aided communication systems, an alternative approach that does not increase the number of pilots to be transmitted is necessary. To this end, we propose using receive beamforming and null forming to eliminate inter-operator pilot contamination. We show that it is possible to eliminate inter-operator pilot contamination by placing nulls toward the signal coming from the other operator's RIS.

In the third part of this thesis, we consider a single-operator-two-RIS ISAC%integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) system where the single user is both a communication terminal and a positioning target. Based on the uplink positioning pilots, the base station aims to estimate both the communication channel and the user's position within the indoor environment by estimating the angle of arrival (AoA) of the impinging signals on both RISs and then exploiting the system and array geometries to estimate the user position and user channels respectively. Although there is a single operator, due to the presence of multiple RISs, pilot contamination occurs through the same physical means as multi-operator pilot contamination unless the channel estimation process is parameterized. Since the communication links are considered to be pure line-of-sight (LOS), their structure allows the reduction of the number of unknown parameters. Consequently, the reduction of information caused by pilot contamination does not affect the channel estimation procedure, hence the pilot contamination is overcome. In addition, the position of the user is determined by intersecting the lines drawn along the AoA estimates. We adopt the Cramér-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB), the lower bound on the mean squared error (MSE) of any unbiased estimator, for both channel estimation and positioning. Our numerical results show that it is possible to utilize positioning pilots for parametric channel estimation when the wireless links are LOS.

The fourth part of the thesis ventures into the domain of near-field communications. Here, we consider the estimation of parametric channels in the uplink of a multi-user multiple-input-multiple-output (MU-MIMO) communication system where the users are located within the radiative near field (Fresnel region) of the base station's aperture antenna. In this setup, we consider near-field channel models characterized by the users' distances and azimuth angles relative to the aperture array. We derive the CRLB to estimate these location parameters and the parametric channel estimates in closed form. Moreover, we consider using the 2D-MUSIC algorithm to estimate these parameters and compare the performance of the 2D-MUSIC algorithm with the CRLB. Our results indicate that the 2D-MUSIC algorithm is asymptotically consistent and efficient.

Abstract [sv]

I den sjätte generationen av trådlösa kommunikationssystem (6G) finns flera potentiella tekniker som gör det möjligt för det trådlösa nätverket att uppfylla de ständigt ökande kraven på hastighet, täckning, tillförlitlighet och rörlighet. Bland dessa tekniker återfinns de så kallade omkonfigurerbara intelligenta ytor (reconfigurable intelligent surface - RIS på Engelska), vilka kan förlänga ett nätverks täckning till områden utan signal (så kallade ”dead zones”), öka kapaciteten och underlätta integrerade sensor- och kommunikationslösningar (ISAC). Samtidigt förbrukar RIS mycket lite energi och bidrar därmed till ökad energieffektivitet.

RIS är en metaytebaserad teknologi där ytan kan styras externt för att justera hur inkommande elektromagnetiska vågor reflekteras. Vanligtvis innebär detta att varje element på ytan åstadkommer en önskad fasförskjutning av den inkommande signalen innan den reflekteras, vilket kan utnyttjas för att fassjustera flera inkommande vågor och därmed förstärka signalen vid mottagaren. På så sätt kan täckning ges till annars otillgängliga områden.

Trots att denna teknik lovar betydande förbättringar för dagens trådlösa nätverk medför RIS även nya ingenjörsmässiga utmaningar. För det första uppvisar de enskilda elementen inte perfekta reflektionskarakteristiker, utan dämpar signalen på ett sätt som beror på den inställda fasförskjutningen, ett fenomen som kallas fasberoende amplitud. För det andra uppstår extra overhead inom kanalskattningen. I ett flerantennsystem är kanalens komplexitet mellan två noder redan omfattande, men när en RIS läggs till multipliceras komplexiteten med antalet RIS-element. Följaktligen krävs fler pilotsignaler för att skatta kanalen i system som använder RIS, vilket minskar den effektiva datahastigheten eftersom fler resursblock går åt till pilotsändning. Även om det finns metoder för att reducera kanalens dimensioner genom att utnyttja kanalstruktur, kvarstår problemet för kanaler utan särskild struktur. Därtill uppstår en ny typ av pilotförorening (pilot contamination) i scenarier med flera RIS:ar eller flera operatörer, vilket är huvudtemat i denna avhandling.

I avhandlingens första del studeras denna nya typ av pilotförorening i ett multioperatörsscenario, där två operatörer delar samma plats men använder olika frekvensband och har varsin dedikerad RIS. Även om frekvensbanden är åtskilda reflekterar varje RIS oavsiktligt de upplänksignaler som skickas av användare i båda banden. Under kanalskattningsfasen leder denna samtidiga reflektion av pilotsignaler till interoperatörs-pilotförorening. Vi analyserar hur fenomenet påverkar system med både deterministiska och korrelerade Rayleigh-fadande kanaler, med fokus på kanaluppskattning, signalequalisering och kapacitet. Numeriska resultat visar en tydlig prestationsförsämring och understryker att interoperatörs-pilotförorening är ett allvarligt problem i multioperatörssystem med RIS. För att motverka denna effekt föreslår vi att använda ortogonala RIS-konfigurationer under upplänkens pilotfas. Detta kan mildra eller helt eliminera pilotföroreningen, men kräver samordning och viss informationsdelning mellan operatörerna.

I avhandlingens andra del studeras samma interoperatörs-pilotförorening men i ett scenario där basstationerna har flera antenner. Att ortogonalisera RIS-konfigurationerna, som i fallet med en enda antenn, eliminerar visserligen pilotföroreningen, men fördubblar samtidigt antalet nödvändiga pilotsignaler. Mot bakgrund av den redan existerande pilotsignalsproblematiken i RIS-baserade system behövs en annan lösning som inte ökar pilotbehovet. Därför undersöks här hur mottagarstrålformning och nollställning (null forming) kan användas för att eliminera pilotföroreningen. Vi visar att det är möjligt att undertrycka den oönskade signalen från den andra operatörens RIS genom att placera nulls mot den, och därmed undvika pilotförorening utan att öka antalet pilotsignaler.

I avhandlingens tredje del betraktas ett enoperatörssystem med två RIS:ar i en integrerad sensor- och kommunikationsmiljö (ISAC), där en enda användare fungerar både som kommunikationsenhet och positioneringsmål. Baserat på upplänkens positioneringspiloter försöker basstationen uppskatta både kommunikationskanalen och användarens position inomhus. Detta görs genom att först skatta infallsvinklar (AoA) på signalerna som träffar de två RIS:arna och därefter, med hjälp av system- och antenngeometrier, beräkna användar-positionen samt motsvarande kanaler. Trots att detta inte är ett multioperatörsscenario kan pilotförorening uppstå av samma fysiska skäl när flera RIS:ar används, såvida kanaluppskattningen inte parameteriseras. Eftersom kommunikationslänkarna här antas vara rena siktlänkar (LOS) kan man dock utnyttja kanalstrukturen för att minska antalet okända parametrar. Detta gör att informationsförlusten orsakad av pilotförorening inte påverkar kanaluppskattningen, och pilotföroreningen kan därmed överbryggas. Vidare bestäms användarens position genom att skära de räta linjerna som definieras av AoA-estimaten. Vi använder Cramér-Raos lägsta gräns (CRLB) som prestandamått för den lägsta möjliga medelkvadratfelet (MSE) för en %obiaserad skattning av både kanal och position. Numeriska resultat visar att det är fullt möjligt att utnyttja positioneringspiloter för parameterbaserad kanaluppskattning i LOS-scenarier.

I avhandlingens fjärde del förflyttar vi oss till närfältskommunikation, där användarna befinner sig i den s.k. Fresnelzonen relativt basstationens antennapertur. Vi analyserar ett uplänkscenario i ett fleranvändarsystem med flera antenner (MU-MIMO) och antar att kanalmodellen är närfältsbaserad och beror på användarnas avstånd och azimutvinkel relativt antennaperturen. Vi härleder CRLB för att i slutet uppskatta såväl positioneringsparametrar (avstånd och vinkel) som de parameteriserade kommunikationskanalerna i slutet form. Dessutom undersöker vi hur 2D-MUSIC-algoritmen kan användas för att skatta dessa parametrar, och vi jämför dess prestanda med CRLB. Resultaten visar att 2D-MUSIC är både asymptotiskt konsistent och effektiv för denna typ av närfältsbaserad kanaluppskattning.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2025. , p. x, 128
Series
TRITA-EECS-AVL ; 2025:8
Keywords [en]
Reconfigurable intelligent surface, channel estimation, pilot contamination, positioning, angle of arrival estimation, integrated sensing and communications, receive beamforming, radiative near field.
Keywords [sv]
Omkonfigurerbar intelligent yta, kanaluppskattning, pilotkontaminering, positionering, uppskattning av ankomstvinkel, integrerad sensorik och kommunikation, mottagarens strålforming, strålande närfält.
National Category
Communication Systems
Research subject
Electrical Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-359152ISBN: 978-91-8106-156-7 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-359152DiVA, id: diva2:1931552
Public defence
2025-03-20, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/67324111096?pwd=IHIzEDAg0ucXwuTverl6PdPa3AONrA.1, Sal-C, Kistagången 16, Stockholm, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
EU, Horizon 2020, 956256
Note

QC 20250127

Available from: 2025-01-27 Created: 2025-01-27 Last updated: 2025-01-27Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Impact of Pilot Contamination Between Operators With Interfering Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Impact of Pilot Contamination Between Operators With Interfering Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces
2023 (English)In: 2023 IEEE International Black Sea Conference on Communications and Networking, BlackSeaCom 2023, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2023, p. 27-32Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

In this paper, we study the impact of pilot contamination in a system where two operators serve their respective users with the assistance of two wide-band reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS), each belonging to a single operator. We consider one active user per operator and they use disjoint narrow frequency bands. Although each RIS is dedicated to a single operator, both users' transmissions are reflected by both RISs. We show that this creates a new kind of pilot contamination effect when pilots are transmitted simultaneously. Since combating inter-operator pilot contamination in RIS-assisted networks would require long pilot signal sequences to maintain orthogonality among the users of different operators, we propose the orthogonal configurations of the RISs. Numerical results show that this approach completely eliminates pilot contamination, and significantly improves the performance in terms of channel estimation and equalization by removing the channel estimation bias.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2023
National Category
Communication Systems Signal Processing Telecommunications
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-345620 (URN)10.1109/BlackSeaCom58138.2023.10299699 (DOI)2-s2.0-85179003916 (Scopus ID)
Conference
2023 IEEE International Black Sea Conference on Communications and Networking (BlackSeaCom), Istanbul 4 July 2023 through 7 July 2023
Note

QC 20240415

Part of ISBN 979-835033782-2

Available from: 2024-04-14 Created: 2024-04-14 Last updated: 2025-01-27Bibliographically approved
2. Combating Inter-Operator Pilot Contamination in Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces Assisted Multi-Operator Networks
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Combating Inter-Operator Pilot Contamination in Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces Assisted Multi-Operator Networks
2024 (English)In: IEEE Transactions on Communications, ISSN 0090-6778, E-ISSN 1558-0857, Vol. 72, no 9, p. 5884-5895Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In this paper, we study a new kind of pilot contamination appearing in multi-operator reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) assisted networks, where multiple operators provide services to their respective served users. The operators use dedicated frequency bands, but each RIS inadvertently reflects the transmitted uplink signals of the user equipment devices in multiple bands. Consequently, the concurrent reflection of pilot signals during the channel estimation phase introduces a new inter-operator pilot contamination effect. We investigate the implications of this effect in systems with either deterministic or correlated Rayleigh fading channels, specifically focusing on its impact on channel estimation quality, signal equalization, and channel capacity. The numerical results demonstrate the substantial degradation in system performance caused by this phenomenon and highlight the pressing need to address inter-operator pilot contamination in multi-operator RIS deployments. To combat the negative effect of this new type of pilot contamination, we propose to use orthogonal RIS configurations during uplink pilot transmission, which can mitigate or eliminate the negative effect of inter-operator pilot contamination at the expense of some inter-operator information exchange and orchestration.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2024
Keywords
Reconfigurable intelligent surface, channel estimation, pilot contamination.
National Category
Communication Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-345652 (URN)10.1109/TCOMM.2024.3390095 (DOI)001319557300012 ()2-s2.0-85190752815 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20241008

Available from: 2024-04-16 Created: 2024-04-16 Last updated: 2025-01-27Bibliographically approved
3. Receive Beamforming Schemes to Mitigate Inter-Operator Pilot Contamination in RIS-Aided MIMO Networks
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Receive Beamforming Schemes to Mitigate Inter-Operator Pilot Contamination in RIS-Aided MIMO Networks
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

When reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) are integrated into cellular networks, they can give rise tointer-operator pilot contamination, severely degrading network performance. While combatting this effect is possible by orthogonalizing the RIS configurations, it requires inter-operator coordination and limits the degree of configuration freedom per RIS.Therefore, in this work, we explore the use of receive beamforming to mitigate inter-operator pilot contamination in RIS-aided multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems, where two operators share infrastructure and deploy RISs to enhance network coverage. We focus on uplink channel estimation and data transmission and propose a method in which the base stations (BSs) apply a novel kind of receive beamforming to suppress pilot-contaminated interference. We compare our proposed method with the previous RIS orthogonalization approach and an approach that does not eliminate inter-operator pilot contamination by formulating two schemes: In Scheme 1, the BS beamforms towards its intended channel without nulling the interfering channel while orthogonal RIS configurations mitigate pilot contamination. In Scheme 2, the BS nulls the interfering channel, removing the need for orthogonalized RIS configurations and halving the number of pilots. In the baseline scheme, the BS uses the same beamformer as Scheme 1 and the same RIS configurations as Scheme 2, hence does not eliminate pilot contamination. We assess the performance of both schemes under different channel conditions, in terms of channel estimation mean square error (MSE) and capacity bounds with imperfect channel state information. Our numerical results indicate that Scheme 2 offers a superior rate at high signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) due to fewer pilots and comparable channel estimation accuracy, while Scheme 1 performs better at very low SNRs due to capturing more energy. However, the reduced number of pilots in Scheme 2 makes it a favorable choice for practical systems, with minimal performance loss at low SNR. Overall, the proposed beamforming approach effectively mitigates inter-operator pilot contamination.

Keywords
{C}hannel estimation, {P}ilot contamination, Reconfigurable intelligent surface, Receive beamforming, Null forming, Spectral efficiency.
National Category
Communication Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-359151 (URN)
Note

QC 20250129

Available from: 2025-01-27 Created: 2025-01-27 Last updated: 2025-01-29Bibliographically approved
4. Joint Pilot-Based Localization and Channel Estimation in RIS-Aided Communication Systems
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Joint Pilot-Based Localization and Channel Estimation in RIS-Aided Communication Systems
2024 (English)In: IEEE Wireless Communications Letters, ISSN 2162-2337, E-ISSN 2162-2345, Vol. 13, no 11, p. 3119-3123Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In this letter, we investigate the use of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) to jointly estimate the position and channel of a user equipment (UE) using uplink pilot signals. We consider a setup with a user and a base station (BS), where the direct path between the BS and the UE is blocked and virtual line-of-sight (LOS) links are created over two reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs). We investigate the benefits of exploiting the channel geometry to estimate the user’s position and the user-RIS channels jointly in terms of estimation performance and pilot overhead. To this end, we consider the Cramér-Rao Lower Bound for channel estimation and UE localization. Our numerical results show that exploiting the LOS structure of the channels improves the channel estimation performance by several orders of magnitude and reduces the channel estimation performance by reducing the number of unknown parameters.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2024
National Category
Telecommunications
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-352874 (URN)10.1109/lwc.2024.3454370 (DOI)001351912400035 ()2-s2.0-85203491036 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20240911

Available from: 2024-09-09 Created: 2024-09-09 Last updated: 2025-02-11Bibliographically approved
5. Performance Analysis of a 2D-MUSIC Algorithm for Parametric Near-Field Channel Estimation
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Performance Analysis of a 2D-MUSIC Algorithm for Parametric Near-Field Channel Estimation
Show others...
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

In this letter, we address parametric channel estimation in a multi-user %MIMO (MU-MIMO) multiple-input multiple-output system within the radiative near-field of the base station array with aperture antennas. We consider a two-dimensional multiple signal classification algorithm (2D-MUSIC) to estimate both the range and azimuth angles of arrival for the users’ channels, utilizing parametric radiative near-field channel models. We analyze the performance of the algorithm by deriving the Cramér-Rao bound (CRB) for parametric estimation, and its effectiveness is compared against the least squares estimator, which is a non-parametric estimator. Numerical results indicate that the 2D-MUSIC algorithm outperforms the least squares estimator. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that the performance of 2D-MUSIC achieves the parametric channel estimation CRB, which shows that the algorithm is asymptotically consistent.

Keywords
Radiative near-field, aperture antennas, MUSIC, channel estimation, Cramér-Rao lower bound.
National Category
Communication Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-359148 (URN)
Funder
EU, Horizon 2020, 956256Swedish Research Council, 2019-05068
Note

QC 20250129

Available from: 2025-01-27 Created: 2025-01-27 Last updated: 2025-01-29Bibliographically approved

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