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Birch plywood in timber connections: Investigation on the rope effect and full-scale trusses
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Building Materials.ORCID iD: 0009-0009-8830-6023
2025 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Earlier studies have demonstrated that birch plywood is a viable substitute for steel plates in timber connections, thanks to its excellent mechanical properties, workability, and sustainability. The mechanical properties of birch plywood have been thoroughly investigated concerning key parameters, such as face grain angle and moisture content. Furthermore, its potential use as gusset plates in timber connections has been studied. However, these investigations were mostly limited to uniaxial tension and rather small-scale compared to real applications. Therefore, additional research is needed to further understand the mechanical behaviour of birch plywood, thus ensuring a safe design of such connections. This thesis aims to gain new knowledge on connections with birch plywood plates. The results of this study will then be used to improve the design of such connections, both in terms of safety and structural efficiency.

The influence of the connector type (i.e. smooth dowel or fully threaded screw) was investigated concerning the shear capacity of connections using birch plywood with varying thickness. The results showed that, when utilizing screws, the analytical estimations according to EN1995-1 Eurocode 5 (EC5) significantly underestimate the shear capacity. This is mainly due to EC5’s conservative estimation of the so-called “rope effect” contribution to the connection’s shear capacity. Moreover, when the number of shear planes was increased from two to four, the discrepancy between EC5’s estimation and experimental results substantially increased regardless of the type of fastener. This substantial discrepancy was associated with the failure mode in the inner shear planes.

Furthermore, both glued and mechanical connections were investigated by performing tests on full-scale glulam trusses joined through birch plywood gusset plates. Failure was designed to occur in the plywood plates subjected to a complex stress state. In this investigation, the thickness of these plywood plates was varied between 9, 12 and 21 mm, testing only one specimen for each configuration. The experimental results showed that glued trusses possessed higher load-carrying capacity and almost twice the stiffness of those with mechanical fasteners. Failure occurred in the plywood plates for all trusses with mechanical fasteners and the glued truss with thinner plywood plates (9 mm). However, the trusses with thicker plates (i.e. 12 and 21 mm) showed glue line failure between the plywood plate and the glulam beam. The analytical estimations for specimens that failed in the plywood plate generally showed good agreement with the experimental capacity, although they exhibited a slight overestimation. This was expected and was attributed to the size effect, as the input strength values of plywood adopted in the analytical estimations were obtained from small-scale tests. 

Furthermore, based on the size of the glued area compared to previous studies, bonding strength values were estimated and used in the analytical calculations of the bonding capacity for glued connections. However, these strength values should be further investigated to calibrate the analytical model and obtain more realistic estimations.

In addition, two-dimensional numerical models demonstrated good agreement in predicting the global stiffness of the tested trusses.

For future work, it is suggested to investigate the size effect on the mechanical properties of birch plywood and bonding strength, respectively, to further calibrate and validate the analytical models. Furthermore, more advanced numerical simulations of the truss specimens are suggested.

Abstract [sv]

Tidigare studier har visat att björkplywood är ett effektivt alternativ till stålplåtar i träförband, främst tack vare dess goda mekaniska egenskaper, bearbetbarhet och hållbarhet. Dessa egenskaper har studerats ingående med avseende på viktiga parametrar såsom fiberriktning och fuktkvot. Dess användning som laskar i träkonstruktioner har även undersökts. Dock har tidigare studier främst varit begränsade till enaxliga dragprov och mindre provkroppar, vilket innebär att ytterligare forskning krävs för att förstå björkplywoodens mekaniska beteende i mer realistiska och komplexa tillämpningar. Syftet med denna avhandling är därför att bidra med ny kunskap om förband med laskar av björkplywood. Resultaten syftar till att förbättra dimensioneringen av sådana förband, med avseende på både säkerhet och strukturell effektivitet.

Typen av fästdon (släta dymlingar eller skruvar) har undersökts i relation till skjuvhållfastheten i förband med varierande plywoodtjocklek. Resultaten visade att EN1995-1 Eurokod 5 (EC5) underskattar skjuvhållfastheten vid användning av skruvar, vilket främst beror på en konservativ uppskattning av den icke-linjära ökningen av motståndet vid glidning som bidrar positivt till förbandets bärförmåga. Vidare ökade avvikelsen mellan de analytiska beräkningarna och de experimentella resultaten avsevärt när antalet skjuvplan ökades från två till fyra, oberoende av typ av fästdon. Denna betydande avvikelse förknippades med brottmoden i de inre skjuvplanen.

Vidare har både limmade och mekaniska förband undersökts genom fullskaleförsök på limträfackverk sammanfogade med skivor av björkplywood. Brott var avsett att initieras i plywooden, vilka utsattes för komplexa spänningstillstånd. Plywoodskivornas tjocklek varierades mellan 9, 12 och 21 mm, och en provkropp testades för varje konfiguration. De experimentella resultaten visade att de limmade fackverken uppvisade högre bärförmåga och nästan dubbelt så hög styvhet som de med mekaniska förband. Vid samtliga fackverk med mekaniska förband, samt det limmade fackverket med de tunnaste plywoodskivorna (9 mm), uppstod brott i plywooden. För de limmade fackverken med tjockare plywood (12 och 21 mm) inträffade dock brott i limfogen mellan plywooden och limträelementet. De analytiska beräkningarna för de prov där brotten uppstod i plywooden överensstämde generellt väl med de experimentella resultaten, även om en viss överskattning noterades. Detta var förväntat och tillskrivs skalningseffekter, då materialegenskaperna som använts i beräkningarna härrör från småskaliga tester.

Baserat på jämförelser med tidigare studier uppskattades även limhållfasthetsvärden för att inkluderas i de analytiska beräkningarna av bärförmågan i limmade förband. Dessa värden bör dock undersökas vidare för att kalibrera och förbättra de analytiska modellerna.

Därtill visade tvådimensionella numeriska modeller god överensstämmelse med den globala styvheten uppmätt i försöken.

För framtida arbete föreslås en fördjupad undersökning av skalningseffekter på björkplywoodens mekaniska egenskaper samt limhållfasthet, i syfte att vidare kalibrera och validera de analytiska modellerna. Även mer avancerade numeriska simuleringar föreslås.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. , p. 36
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 256
Keywords [en]
Timber-to-timber connections, birch plywood gusset plates, rope effect, mechanical connections, glued connections
Keywords [sv]
Trä-mot-trä-förband, laskar av björkplywood, mekaniska förband, limmade förband
National Category
Building materials
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Building Materials
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-362577ISBN: 978-91-8106-269-4 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-362577DiVA, id: diva2:1953197
Presentation
2025-05-21, M108, Brinellvägen 23, KTH Campus, public video conference link https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/61715915056, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 20250429

Available from: 2025-04-29 Created: 2025-04-17 Last updated: 2025-05-05Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Rope effect in mechanical panel-timber connections: A comparison between screws and dowels
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Rope effect in mechanical panel-timber connections: A comparison between screws and dowels
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2025 (English)In: Engineering structures, ISSN 0141-0296, E-ISSN 1873-7323, Vol. 332, article id 120036Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Previous studies have demonstrated the potential of birch plywood as a substitute for steel plates in multi-plane shear connections of timber structures due to, among other things, its low environmental impact, better workability, and relatively low cost. However, models in modern building codes, such as Eurocode EN1995–1 (EC5), can be used to determine the load-carrying capacity of timber connections with up to two shear planes. Furthermore, some studies have shown that EC5 design model tend to underestimate the actual load-carrying capacity of timber connections. Therefore, there are some uncertainties concerning suitable design models to assess the load-carrying capacity of such connections. This study was preliminary conducted to shed light on the reasons for such discrepancies, conducting several experiments on both doweled and screwed birch plywood-to-timber connections, with either two or four shear planes. The analytical load-carrying capacities estimated by EC5 showed underestimation of the experimental results, with greater underestimation when fully threaded screws are adopted as fasteners, rather than smooth dowels. Furthermore, regardless of the type of fastener, a substantial discrepancy between EC5’s prediction and experimental results was observed when the number of shear planes was increased from two to four. The results of the investigations indicate that the main cause of the discrepancies might be associated with the so-called “rope effect” which is taken into account by EC5’s design approach in an over-conservative manner.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2025
Keywords
Mechanical fasteners, Panel-timber connections, Plastic hinges, Rope effect
National Category
Building Technologies
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-361791 (URN)10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120036 (DOI)001445547700001 ()2-s2.0-86000479357 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20250401

Available from: 2025-03-27 Created: 2025-03-27 Last updated: 2025-04-17Bibliographically approved
2. Analytical, experimental and numerical investigation on full-scale glulam trusses joined through birch plywood gusset plates
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Analytical, experimental and numerical investigation on full-scale glulam trusses joined through birch plywood gusset plates
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This study presents an analytical, experimental, and numerical investigation of full-scale glulam trusses connected through birch plywood gusset plates. Three trusses were joined through mechanical connectors, while three were adhesively bonded. Failure was designed to occur in the plywood plates subjected to a multi-axial stress state due to the convergence of three glulam elements in the node. The thickness of these plates varied between 9, 12 and 21 mm. This research aimed to evaluate the structural behaviour and failure mechanisms of birch plywood plates in timber connections. Experimental results showed generally larger ultimate load and global stiffness for glued trusses compared to mechanically connected trusses. Nevertheless, the global stiffness was independent of the central plywood plates’ thickness. Analytical estimations for specimens that failed in the plywood generally showed good agreement with the experimental capacity despite a slight overestimation, which was attributed to the size effect of the plywood’s mechanical properties. Glued trusses with thicker plywood plates (12 and 21 mm) exhibited failure in the glue line between the central plywood plate and the glulam member. Despite the size of the glued area being the same for these two trusses, the experimental capacity was significantly different due to different values of wood failure percentage in the glued connections that failed. Furthermore, 2D planar numerical models demonstrated good prediction of the global experimental stiffness for both glued and doweled trusses.

Keywords
Timber-to-timber connections, birch plywood gusset plates, mechanical connections, glued connections
National Category
Building materials
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Building Materials
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-362572 (URN)
Note

QC 20250417

Available from: 2025-04-17 Created: 2025-04-17 Last updated: 2025-04-17Bibliographically approved

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Debertolis, Mattia

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1234561 of 6
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