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Prediction of Thermoplasticity in Lignocellulose-Based Materials using Molecular Simulations
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology, Polymeric Materials. (Mikael Hedenqvist)ORCID iD: 0009-0003-1800-523X
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Sustainable development
SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being, SDG 9: Industry, innovation and infrastructure, SDG 12: Responsible consumption and production, SDG 13: Climate action, SDG 15: Life on land
Abstract [en]

With increasing interest for sustainably sourced and renewable materials, lignocellulose-based biopolymers are a natural candidate for such applications. However, most biopolymers, including lignocellulose, are intrinsically rigid and are therefore difficult to shape with e.g. extrusion and other tools for processing thermoplastic polymers. The lignocellulose must thus be modified somehow, with e.g. chemical modifications and/or plasticizers, to become thermoplastic. In this thesis, the molecular and atomistic-level mechanisms that govern the interactions important for thermoplasticity within lignocellulosic materials are investigated through the use of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations combined with experimental validation. The chemical structures of the lignocellulosic components, in particular cellulose and lignin, are explored to improve processability, mechanical performance, and thermodynamical behavior.

The first part of the work focuses on cellulose and dialcohol cellulose, a ring-opened derivative which have demonstrated promising properties for processing, both via simulations and experiments. An increased degree of ring opening enhances the molecular mobility and lowers the glass transition temperature, both in dry and moist conditions, facilitating thermoplastic behavior while maintaining mechanical performance. Subsequent studies, extend the investigation into a broader set of cellulose modifications and ring openings, including aldehyde- hydroxylamine and carboxyl functionalization, identifying how the different types of modifications affect the thermodynamic and mechanical properties. The role and effect of moisture content, and the presence of functional groups are thoroughly investigated. 

Plasticizers in cellulose and dialcohol cellulose systems were also evaluated, revealing that the plasticizer size and mobility influence the stability and thermal softening of the systems, with sorbitol and glycerol in particular showing especially promising results. 

The thermo-mechanical behavior of lignin is also examined under the influence of temperature and moisture content, linking lignin softening with effects on hot-pressed unbleached paper through a combined simulation and experimental study. The study showed that wet hotpressing is an efficient way for improving the mechanical properties of paper.

This thesis demonstrates how molecular dynamics simulations can provide a better understanding of the internal structure of materials. It shows how MD simulations can guide the development of new thermoplastic materials, especially by examining properties that are difficult or even impossible to observe experimentally.

Abstract [sv]

Med ett växande intresse för hållbart framställda och förnybara material så har lignocellulosabaserade biopolymerer framträtt som starka kandidater för sådana tillämpningar. De flesta biopolymerer, inklusive lignocellulosa, är dock styva och är därför svåra att forma med exempelvis extrudering och andra metoder som används för att bearbeta termoplastiska polymerer. Lignocellulosan måste därför modifieras på något sätt, exempelvis genom kemiska modifieringar och/eller tillsats av mjukgörare för att bli termoplastisk. I denna avhandling undersöks de molekylära och atomistiska mekanismerna som styr interaktioner som är viktiga för termoplasticitet i lignocellulosabaserade material, med hjälp av molekyldynamik-simuleringar (MD-simuleringar) i kombination med experimentell validering. De kemiska strukturerna hos lignocellulosans beståndsdelar, särskilt cellulose och lignin, utforskas i syfte att förbättra bearbetbarhet, mekaniska egenskaper och termodynamiskt beteende.

Den första delen av arbetet fokuserar i huvudsak på cellulosa och dialkoholcellulosa, ett ringöppnat derivat som visat lovande egenskaper för processering, både via simuleringar och experiment. En ökad grad av ringöppning förbättrar den molekylära rörligheten och sänker glastransitionstemperaturen, både under torra och fuktiga förhållanden, vilket förbättrar termoplasticiteten samtidigt som de mekaniska egenskaperna kan bibehållas. I efterföljande studier så breddas urvalet till ett större antal cellulosamodifikationer och ringöppningar, inklusive aldehyd-, hydroxylamin- och karboxyl-funktionaliseirng. Dessa studier visar hur de olika modifieringarna påverkar de termodynamiska och mekaniska egenskaperna. Påverkan av vattenhalt och de funktionella gruppernas roll undersöks nogrannt. 

Mjukgörares påverkan på cellulosa och dialkoholcellulosa-system utvärderas också, och det framgår att storleken och mobiliteten hos mjukgörarna påverkar stabiliteten och den termiska mjukgörningen av systemen. Särskilt sorbitol och glycerol visade sig vara mycket lovande kandidater som hållbara mjukgörare i dessa system. 

Lignins termomekaniska beteende undersöktes också under varierade temperatur och fuktförhållanden. Kopplingar mellan ligninets mjukgörning till förbättrad fiberbinding i varmpressat oblekt papper identifieras, genom en kombinerad studie med simuleringar och experiment. Studien visade att vår varmpressning är en effektiv metod för att förbättra de mekaniska egenskaperna av papper.

Denna avhandling visar hur MD-simuleringar kan ge insikter i materials inre struktur och beteenden, samt hur MD-simuleringar kan vägleda utvecklingen av nya termoplastiska material, särskilt genom att visa egenskaper som är svåra eller omöjliga att observera experimentellt.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. , p. 96
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2025:15
Keywords [en]
Cellulose, Lignocellulose, Lignin, Dialcohol Cellulose, Plasticizers, Thermoplasticity, Plasticization, Simulations, Molecular Dynamics
Keywords [sv]
Cellulosa, Lignocellulosa, Lignin, Dialkoholcellulosa, Mjukgörare, Termoplasticitet, Mjukgörning, Simuleringar, Molekyldynamik
National Category
Polymer Technologies Paper, Pulp and Fiber Technology
Research subject
Fibre and Polymer Science
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-363010ISBN: 978-91-8106-281-6 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-363010DiVA, id: diva2:1955796
Public defence
2025-06-11, F3, Lindstedtvägen 26, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/67640003487, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Vinnova, 2019-00047
Note

Embargo till 2026-06-11 godkänt av skolchef Amelie Eriksson Karlström via e-post 2025-04-29

QC 20250513

Available from: 2025-05-13 Created: 2025-04-30 Last updated: 2026-06-11Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Cellulose and Dialcohol Cellulose under Dry and Moist Conditions
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Cellulose and Dialcohol Cellulose under Dry and Moist Conditions
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2023 (English)In: Biomacromolecules, ISSN 1525-7797, E-ISSN 1526-4602, Vol. 24, no 6, p. 2706-2720Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The development of wood-based thermoplastic polymersthat can replacesynthetic plastics is of high environmental importance, and previousstudies have indicated that cellulose-rich fiber containing dialcoholcellulose (ring-opened cellulose) is a very promising candidate material.In this study, molecular dynamics simulations, complemented with experiments,were used to investigate how and why the degree of ring opening influencesthe properties of dialcohol cellulose, and how temperature and presenceof water affect the material properties. Mechanical tensile properties,diffusion/mobility-related properties, densities, glass-transitiontemperatures, potential energies, hydrogen bonds, and free volumeswere simulated for amorphous cellulosic materials with 0-100%ring opening, at ambient and high (150 degrees C) temperatures, withand without water. The simulations showed that the impact of ringopenings, with respect to providing molecular mobility, was higherat high temperatures. This was also observed experimentally. Hence,the ring opening had the strongest beneficial effect on "processability"(reduced stiffness and strength) above the glass-transition temperatureand in wet conditions. It also had the effect of lowering the glass-transitiontemperature. The results here showed that molecular dynamics is avaluable tool in the development of wood-based materials with optimalthermoplastic properties.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Chemical Society (ACS), 2023
National Category
Paper, Pulp and Fiber Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-330528 (URN)10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00156 (DOI)001005170600001 ()37166024 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85160720609 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20231122

Available from: 2023-06-30 Created: 2023-06-30 Last updated: 2025-04-30Bibliographically approved
2. Effects of Ring Opening and Chemical Modification on the Properties of Dry and Moist Cellulose─Predictions with Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Effects of Ring Opening and Chemical Modification on the Properties of Dry and Moist Cellulose─Predictions with Molecular Dynamics Simulations
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2024 (English)In: Biomacromolecules, ISSN 1525-7797, E-ISSN 1526-4602, Vol. 25, no 12, p. 7581-7593Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Thermoplastic properties in cellulosic materials can be achieved by opening the glucose rings in cellulose and introducing new functional groups. Using molecular dynamics, we simulated amorphous cellulose and eight modified versions under dry and moist conditions. Modifications included ring openings and functionalization with hydroxy, aldehyde, hydroxylamine, and carboxyl groups. These modifications were analyzed for density, glass transition temperature, thermal expansivity, hydrogen bond features, changes in energy term contributions during deformation, diffusivity, free volume, and tensile properties. All ring-opened systems exhibited higher molecular mobility, which, consequently, improved thermoplasticity (processability) compared to that of the unmodified amorphous cellulose. Dialcohol cellulose and hydroxylamine-functionalized cellulose were identified as particularly interesting due to their combination of high molecular mobility at processing temperatures (425 K) and high stiffness and strength at room temperature (300 K). Water and smaller side groups improved processability, indicating that both steric effects and electrostatics have a key role in determining the processability of polymers.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Chemical Society (ACS), 2024
National Category
Paper, Pulp and Fiber Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-362972 (URN)10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00735 (DOI)001362815500001 ()39586018 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85210410701 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Vinnova, 201900047
Note

QC 20250502

Available from: 2025-04-30 Created: 2025-04-30 Last updated: 2025-05-02Bibliographically approved
3. Plasticizer Compatibility with Amorphous Cellulose and Dialcohol Cellulose
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Plasticizer Compatibility with Amorphous Cellulose and Dialcohol Cellulose
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Paper, Pulp and Fiber Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-362973 (URN)
Note

QC 20250502

Available from: 2025-04-30 Created: 2025-04-30 Last updated: 2025-05-02Bibliographically approved
4. Role of Lignin in Hot-Pressing of Paper: Insights from Molecular Simulations and Experiments
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Role of Lignin in Hot-Pressing of Paper: Insights from Molecular Simulations and Experiments
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Paper, Pulp and Fiber Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-363001 (URN)
Note

QC 20250502

Available from: 2025-04-30 Created: 2025-04-30 Last updated: 2025-05-02Bibliographically approved

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