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The “wild west” of social media influencer marketing: examining the relationship between social media influencers and firms
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Industrial Economics and Management (Dept.).ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8264-2266
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Influencer marketing is a popular marketing tactic that is only growing in importance. While there is much optimism from firms around their partnerships with social media influencers (SMIs), it is important that they understand the limitations and even the potential risks. However, there is currently limited research on how firms and SMIs can best work together. This thesis investigates influencer marketing, particularly how SMIs and firms can work together more effectively throughout their relationship lifecycle, from choosing which SMIs to work with, negotiating contracts, and protecting themselves from potential reputational risks.

 Paper 1 explores the ways SMIs can increase their engagement and social influence through their social media posts to better understand the factors firms should consider when selecting SMIs. Using the automated text analysis tool Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC), it analyzes wine bloggers’ tweets and finds that by increasing personal pronoun use and decreasing the use of full-text numbers (numbers written out alphabetically) and interrogatives in their social media posts, wine SMIs can increase their engagement. Paper 2 examines the key tensions that exist when SMIs and firms work together. The paper identifies three key tensions that exist for marketers in managing SMI relationships: control tension, timeframe tension, and value tension. Paper 3 applies agency theory and opportunistic  to the influencer marketing practice to understand how opportunistic behaviour might occur on both sides of the SMI/firm relationship. Paper 4 explores the potential risks of firms partnering with SMIs and how they can be mitigated. It then provides a checklist to support managers in implementing this marketing tactic.

 This thesis uses qualitative studies to contribute to a more complete understanding of influencer marketing, especially how firms and SMIs can work together. It advances the research on influencer marketing and on the SMI/firm relationship and provides evidence that firms and SMIs sometimes act opportunistically and proposes ways to mitigate this. The major contributions of this thesis are that together the four papers apply the bases of power to create a way to understand the management of the various lifecycle stages of the SMI/firm relationship, as well as providing practical applications for marketing managers on how to better manage their SMI relationships to optimize the partnership and mitigate risk.

Abstract [sv]

Influencer-marknadsföring är en populär marknadsföringstaktik som växer i betydelse. Även om det finns mycket optimism från företag kring deras partnerskap med sociala media influencer (SMI), är det viktigt att de förstår begränsningarna och till och med de potentiella riskerna. Det finns dock för närvarande begränsad forskning om hur företag och SMI bäst kan samarbeta. Den här avhandlingen undersöker influencer-marknadsföring, särskilt hur SMIs och företag kan arbeta tillsammans mer effektivt under hela relationens livscykel, från att välja vilka SMI:er att arbeta med, förhandla kontrakt och skydda sig mot potentiella ryktesrisker.

 Artikel 1 utforskar hur SMI:er kan öka sitt engagemang och sociala inflytande genom sina inlägg på sociala medier för att bättre förstå faktorer som företag bör överväga när de väljer SMI:er. Med hjälp av det automatiska textanalysverktyget Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) analyseras vinbloggares tweets. Resultaten visar att ökad användning av personliga pronomen och minskad användningen av ersätter fulltextnummer och frågeformulär i inlägg på sociala medier kan vin-SMI öka sitt engagemang. Artikel 2 undersöker de viktigaste spänningarna som finns när SMI:er och företag arbetar tillsammans. I artikeln identifieras tre viktiga spänningar som finns för marknadsförare vid hantering av SMI-relationer: kontrollspänning, tidsramspänning och värdespänning. Artikel 3 tillämpar byråteori och opportunistiskt beteende på influencer-marknadsföringen för att förstå hur opportunistiskt beteende kan uppstå på båda sidor av SMI/företagsrelationen. Artikel 4 undersöker de potentiella riskerna med att företag samarbetar med SMI och hur de kan minskas. Den tillhandahåller sedan en checklista för att stödja chefer att implementera denna marknadsföringstaktik. 

 Denna avhandling använder kvalitativa studier för att bidra till en mer fullständig förståelse av influencer-marknadsföring, särskilt hur företag och SMI:er kan samarbeta. Den främjar forskningen om influencer- marknadsföring och om förhållandet mellan företag och SMI och ger bevis för att företag och SMI ibland agerar opportunistiskt och föreslår sätt att mildra detta. De viktigaste bidragen i denna avhandling är att de fyra artiklarna tillsammans tillämpar maktbaser för att skapa ett sätt att förstå hur relationen mellan SMI och företag hanteras genom dess olika livscykelfaser, samt att de erbjuder praktiska tillämpningar för marknadsföringschefer om hur de bättre kan hantera sina relationer med SMI:er för att optimera partnerskapet och minska risker.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm, Sweden: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. , p. 95
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2025:4
Keywords [en]
Influencer marketing, social media influencer, power-bases, agency theory, opportunistic behavior
Keywords [sv]
Influencer marketing, social media influencer, maktbaser, byråteori, opportunistiskt beteende
National Category
Business Administration
Research subject
Industrial Economics and Management
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-363251ISBN: 978-91-8106-254-0 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-363251DiVA, id: diva2:1957400
Public defence
2025-06-12, Sal F2, Lindstedtsvägen 26-28, KTH, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 20250509

Available from: 2025-05-09 Created: 2025-05-09 Last updated: 2025-05-09Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. How do wine bloggers increase Twitter engagement?: Through simple changes to their writing style
Open this publication in new window or tab >>How do wine bloggers increase Twitter engagement?: Through simple changes to their writing style
2022 (English)In: Journal of Wine Research, ISSN 0957-1264, E-ISSN 1469-9672, Vol. 33, no 2, p. 57-65Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Due to the unique nature of wine as a consumer product, wine bloggers and influencers have a high degree of influence among wine consumers. This has led to many wine aficionados and experts creating wine blogs. In order to build their followings and influence, these wine bloggers often need to drive engagement on their posts across multiple social media platforms. In this paper, we set out to find the factors that most increase Twitter engagement among wine bloggers. We describe a study that considers a sample of wine bloggers and using a textual analysis tool (LIWC), with the objective of identifying three key factors that can help wine bloggers increase engagement. The factors include avoiding full-text numbers and interrogatives and increasing the use of personal pronouns. We then conclude by discussing limitations and avenues for future research. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Informa UK Limited, 2022
Keywords
Influencer marketing, power theory, social influence, social media, wine marketing
National Category
Media and Communication Studies
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-324373 (URN)10.1080/09571264.2022.2081141 (DOI)2-s2.0-85131163360 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20230228

Available from: 2023-02-28 Created: 2023-02-28 Last updated: 2025-05-09Bibliographically approved
2. Managing the tensions in marketer- influencer relationships
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Managing the tensions in marketer- influencer relationships
2022 (English)In: Business Horizons, ISSN 0007-6813, E-ISSN 1873-6068, Vol. 65, no 5, p. 559-566Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The use of influencers in marketing is not new. However, the advent of the internet and, more recently, various forms of social media have both acceler-ated the use of influencers in marketing and also democratized its use considerably. In this article, we explore the nature of influence and power. We describe a study directed at understanding the promises and perils of influencer marketing from both the firm-and influencer perspectives to identify three key tensions that exist for marketers in the management of influencer relationships. We outline and explain these tensions and the lessons that can be learned from them, and then illustrate the lessons with a series of positive and negative cases. We close by spec-ulating on the further evolution of influencer marketing.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2022
Keywords
Influencer marketing, Social media, Power theory, Marketing management, Social proof
National Category
Business Administration
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-317343 (URN)10.1016/j.bushor.2021.09.003 (DOI)000844320400004 ()2-s2.0-85132212754 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20220909

Available from: 2022-09-09 Created: 2022-09-09 Last updated: 2025-05-09Bibliographically approved
3. The ‘wild west’ of influencer marketing: How influencers and marketers act opportunistically
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The ‘wild west’ of influencer marketing: How influencers and marketers act opportunistically
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

As marketing managers invest in influencer marketing, it is critical that they understand the potential downsides to protect their firms. While many firm-social media influencer (SMI) partnerships create mutually beneficial outcomes, the potential risks of this marketing practice must also be considered. In this paper, we study firm-SMI partnerships through the lenses of power theory and agency theory, specifically examining opportunistic behavior. We describe a study we conducted to understand the behavior from both the firm and SMI perspectives, with the objective of identifying the categorization of the main forms of opportunistic behavior.

Keywords
Influencer marketing, Social media influencer, Power theory, Agency theory, Opportunistic behavior
National Category
Business Administration
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-362470 (URN)
Note

QC 20250415

Available from: 2025-04-15 Created: 2025-04-15 Last updated: 2025-05-09Bibliographically approved
4. A checklist for managers to enhance influencer partnerships and avoid potential pitfalls
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A checklist for managers to enhance influencer partnerships and avoid potential pitfalls
2023 (English)In: Business Horizons, ISSN 0007-6813, E-ISSN 1873-6068, Vol. 66, no 4, p. 443-452Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Influencer marketing continues to be popular with marketing managers because of its effectiveness as a marketing tactic for raising brand awareness and ROI. To date, much of the literature on influencer marketing focused on its benefits, but it also bears potential risks: not all influencer marketing experiences are positive. While influencer marketing is still emerging in the digital space, managers should not forgo supplier managerial principles when hiring influencers. This article provides a checklist to help managers navigate this marketing tactic and avoid potential mistakes by encouraging the same due diligence they would with other suppliers. The checklist asks nine questions during the life cycle of an influencer relationship—including selection, performance and contract management, and reputation management—and is corroborated by the marketing literature but should be applied by managers. To demonstrate this, several case studies were examined in which managers should have considered supplier management when engaging with influencers. By employing the checklist amid influencing marketing efforts, managers can avoid the mistakes identified in the case studies.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2023
Keywords
Agency theory, Influencer marketing, Opportunistic behavior, Power theory, Social proof
National Category
Business Administration
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-330943 (URN)10.1016/j.bushor.2022.09.003 (DOI)001022990500001 ()2-s2.0-85151406483 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20230704

Available from: 2023-07-04 Created: 2023-07-04 Last updated: 2025-05-09Bibliographically approved

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McMullan, Kathryn (Kylie)

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