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Generalized Harmonic Injection Strategy for Dynamic Pole Reconfiguration of a Multiphase Induction Machine
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electric Power and Energy Systems.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5888-9672
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Sustainable development
SDG 9: Industry, innovation and infrastructure
Abstract [en]

The rapid evolution of electrification across industries demands electric machines that combine high efficiency, adaptability, and a large operating range. Traditional induction machine (IM), constrained by fixed winding configurations and static operating characteristics, struggle to meet these dynamic requirements over the wider operational range demanded by the application. This thesis addresses these limitations by pioneering dynamic pole reconfiguration of multiphase IMs, leveraging control frameworks and modeling techniques to unlock flexibility and performance.

Central to this thesis is the vector space decomposition (VSD) mathematical framework, which decomposes the electrical variables of machines into orthogonal vector spaces, allowing for the separation of space harmonics. These independent vector spaces enable the dynamic control of magnetic pole pairs through magnetic pole pair transition (MPT) theory. This capability allows a single machine to emulate a ”virtual gearbox,” transforming its torque-speed profile from one pole pair configuration to another in real-time without requiring physical winding reconfiguration. For instance, a 9-phase multiphase IM can transition from a 1-pole pair configuration for high-speed operation to a 3-pole pair configuration for high-torque demands, expanding the torque-speed operational range to suit diverse applications.

A critical contribution of this work is its robust approach to parameter identification. Traditional methods rely on time-consuming finite element analysis (FEA) and static laboratory tests. The thesis introduces a methodology for translating equivalent circuit parameters of the multiphase IM in a known pole pair winding configuration to any target pole pair winding configuration. Additionally, the research addresses practical challenges such as converter non-linearities, proposing converter parameter identification and compensation algorithm that reduces voltage drop errors, ensuring reliable control under practical operating conditions.

One of the cornerstones of this thesis is generalized harmonic injection (GHI), a groundbreaking control strategy developed in this work. GHI optimizes torque density by strategically injecting harmonic currents into multiple subspaces while synchronizing their stator frequencies to mitigate the adverse effects of inter-plane cross-coupling (IPXC), which otherwise could cause beat-frequency oscillations resulting in large torque ripple. This enables the possibility of loss reduction by minimizing the stator current for any given operating point of the multiphase IM. Furthermore, smooth reference frame transition (SRFT) extends the GHI to achieve ripple-free pole pair transition (RFPT). The synchronization strategy proposed in this thesis suppresses these beat-frequency oscillations and torque ripples, thereby improving the performance of the multiphase IM during pole pair transitions. Experimental validation on a 9-phase test bench demonstrated the efficacy of GHI, and results show a significant reduction in measured torque ripples.

The findings of this research have far-reaching effects in various industries. In electric mobility, RFPT enables vehicles to seamlessly switch between high torque urban driving and high-efficiency highway cruising, thereby improving the vehicle’s energy efficiency. Renewable energy systems, such as wind turbines, leverage adaptive pole pair numbers to optimize power generation across fluctuating wind speeds. As industries worldwide transition to greener technologies, the methodologies and insights presented here can serve as a cornerstone for the electric machines of tomorrow.

Abstract [sv]

Den snabba utvecklingen av elektrifiering inom olika industrier kräver elektriska maskiner som kombinerar hög effektivitet, anpassningsförmåga och ett stort driftområde. Traditionella (IM), begränsade av fasta lindningskonfigurationer och statiska driftkarakteristiker, har svårt att möta dessa dynamiska krav över det bredare driftområde som applikationen kräver. Denna avhandling tar itu med dessa begränsningar genom att introducera dynamic pole reconfiguration i multiphase induction machine (IM), och utnyttjar styrningsramverk och modelleringsmetoder för att frigöra flexibilitet och prestanda. 

Centralt i denna avhandling är den matematiska vector space decomposition (VSD), som delar upp maskiners elektriska variabler i ortogonala vektorrum, vilket möjliggör separering av rymdharmoniska komponenter. Dessa oberoende vektorrum möjliggör dynamisk kontroll av magnetiska polpar genom teorin om magnetic pole pair transition (MPT). Denna kapabilitet gör att en enda maskin kan fungera som en ”virtuell växellåda och omvandla sitt moment-hastighetsförhållande från en polparskonfiguration till en annan i realtid utan att kräva fysisk lindningsomkonfiguration. Till exempel kan en nio-fasig flerfasig IM växla från en enpolsparskonfiguration för hög hastighet till en trepolsparskonfiguration för hög momentkrav, vilket utökar moment-hastighetsområdet för att passa olika applikationer. 

En kritisk insats i detta arbete är dess robusta metod för parameteridentifiering. Traditionella metoder är beroende av tidskrävande finite element analysis (FEA) och statiska laboratorietester. Avhandlingen introducerar en metodologi för att övers ätta ekvivalenta kretsparametrar hos den multiphase IM i en känd polparslindningskonfiguration till en målad polparskonfiguration. Dessutom tar forskningen itu med praktiska utmaningar såsom omvandlarnonlineariteter, och föreslår en identifieringsoch kompensationsalgoritm för omvandlarparametrar som minskar spänningsfallfel, vilket s äkerställer tillförlitlig kontroll under praktiska driftförhållanden. 

En av hörnstenarna i denna avhandling är generalized harmonic injection (GHI), en banbrytande styrningsstrategi utvecklad inom detta arbete. GHI optimerar momenttäthet genom att strategiskt injicera harmoniska strömmar i flera delrum samtidigt som deras statorfrekvenser synkroniseras för att mildra de negativa effekterna av inter-plane cross-coupling (IPXC), vilket annars skulle kunna orsaka svängningar med slagfrekvens och därigenom stora momentvariationer. Detta möjliggör även förlustreducering genom att minimera statorströmmen vid varje givet driftläge för den multiphase IM. Dessutom utvidgar smooth reference frame transition (SRFT) GHI för att uppnå ripple-free pole pair transition (RFPT). Synkroniseringsstrategin som föreslås i denna avhandling undertrycker dessa slagfrekvenssvängningar och momentvariationer, vilket förbättrar prestandan hos den multiphase IM under polparstransition. Experimentell validering på en nio-fasig testbänk visade effekten av GHI, och resultaten visar en betydande minskning av uppmätta momentvariationer. 

Resultaten av denna forskning har långtgående effekter inom olika industrier. Inom elektrisk mobilitet möjliggör RFPT att fordon sömlöst kan växla mellan högt moment för stadskörning och hög effektivitet för motorvägskörning, vilket förbättrar fordonets energieffektivitet. Förnybara energisystem, såsom vindkraftverk, utnyttjar anpassningsbara polparsnivåer för att optimera elproduktionen över varierande vindhastigheter. När industrier över hela världen övergår till grönare teknologier kan de metoder och insikter som presenteras här utgöra en grundsten för framtidens elektriska maskiner. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. , p. vi, 99
Series
TRITA-EECS-AVL ; 2025:65
Keywords [en]
Multiphase induction machines, vector space decomposition, parameter identification methods, magnetic pole-pair transition, generic harmonic injection strategy
Keywords [sv]
Multiphase induktionsmaskiner, vector space decomposition, metoder för parameteridentifiering, magnetisk polparstransition, generalized harmonic injection
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Research subject
Electrical Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-363279ISBN: 978-91-8106-308-0 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-363279DiVA, id: diva2:1957558
Public defence
2025-06-10, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26,, 114 28 Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research
Note

QC 20250513

Available from: 2025-05-13 Created: 2025-05-10 Last updated: 2025-05-15Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Online Winding Reconfiguration of a Multiphase Stator
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Online Winding Reconfiguration of a Multiphase Stator
2023 (English)In: 2023 IEEE 14th International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems (PEDS), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2023, p. 07-10Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

A multiphase machine control implementing vector space decomposition or harmonic plane decomposition for modeling purposes can reconfigure the stator's current distribution to generate magnetomotive force waves with different pole pair numbers simultaneously. The pole pair numbers are an integer multiple of the pole pairs generated by the physical winding configuration. This property can be used for reconfiguring the pole-pair number in real time or increasing the system's torque density. This paper studies the modeling and the impact of symmetrical and asymmetrical winding configurations on the pole-pair number reconfiguration. Furthermore, pole number transition is experimentally verified on a proposed winding configuration.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2023
National Category
Control Engineering Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Research subject
Electrical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-339544 (URN)10.1109/PEDS57185.2023.10268830 (DOI)2-s2.0-85172731041 (Scopus ID)
Conference
2023 IEEE 14th International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems (PEDS), 7-10 August 2023, Montreal, Canada
Note

Part of proceedings ISBN 979-8-3503-9996-7

QC 20231114

Available from: 2023-11-14 Created: 2023-11-14 Last updated: 2025-05-12Bibliographically approved
2. Estimation of Equivalent Circuit Parameters of Multiphase Induction Machines by Exploitation of Space Harmonic Relations
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Estimation of Equivalent Circuit Parameters of Multiphase Induction Machines by Exploitation of Space Harmonic Relations
2023 (English)In: 2023 IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference (IEMDC): San Francisco, CA, USA, IEEE, 2023Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

A multiphase induction machine model using vector space decomposition or harmonic plane decomposition provides insights into many space harmonics through decoupled reference frames, each hosting specific space vectors related to particular harmonics. The dynamics of each voltage and current space vector are described by an equivalent circuit, whose parameters must be obtained either by finite-element analysis or laboratory measurements. This paper presents and experimentally verifies a methodology for calculating these parameters from a single configuration, with minimal knowledge of the geometrical dimensions of the machine.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IEEE, 2023
Keywords
Electrical machines, Multiphase
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Research subject
Electrical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-337086 (URN)10.1109/IEMDC55163.2023.10238896 (DOI)001066025700054 ()2-s2.0-85172726294 (Scopus ID)
Conference
2023 IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference (IEMDC), San Francisco, CA, USA, 15-18 May 2023
Note

Part of ISBN 979-8-3503-9899-1

QC 20230925

Available from: 2023-09-25 Created: 2023-09-25 Last updated: 2025-05-12Bibliographically approved
3. Identification and Compensation of Converter Non-Linearities of a Multiphase Converter
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Identification and Compensation of Converter Non-Linearities of a Multiphase Converter
Show others...
2024 (English)In: 2024 33rd International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, ISIE 2024 - Proceedings, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2024Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Multiphase converters are usually composed of several standard 3-phase converters containing Intelligent Power Modules (IPMs). These 3-phase IPM have 6 sets of IGBT-diode pairs having similar switching properties. However, switching properties and/or forward voltage drops of different IPMs can vary significantly, causing an asymmetry in the converter's output. This paper proposes a generic method for identifying these converter asymmetries and estimates an average non-linear voltage drop across each converter leg. These identified voltage drops are experimentally evaluated on a 9-phase multiphase electrical machine (MPEM) supplied from three 3-phase converters, decomposed into four vector spaces and a zero component. With non-linearity correction, the fundamental components of vector spaces 1 and 3 are improved significantly while reducing the rest of the harmonic components.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2024
Keywords
Multiphase converters, non-linearity compensation
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-351759 (URN)10.1109/ISIE54533.2024.10595692 (DOI)001290477100017 ()2-s2.0-85199630250 (Scopus ID)
Conference
33rd International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, ISIE 2024, June 18-21, 2024, Ulsan, Korea
Note

Part of ISBN: 9798350394085

QC 20241001

Available from: 2024-08-13 Created: 2024-08-13 Last updated: 2025-05-10Bibliographically approved
4. Sensitivity Analysis of Multiphase Induction Machine Parameter Identification Methods
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Sensitivity Analysis of Multiphase Induction Machine Parameter Identification Methods
2025 (English)In: IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference (IEMDC), Houston, TX, USA, (2025), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2025Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

A multiphase induction machine (MPIM) modeled using vector space decomposition (VSD) provides insight into space harmonics which are segregated into vector spaces. Depending on the winding configuration of the MPIM, some vector spaces can produce torque in addition to the fundamental vector space, and they can be represented by a standard equivalent circuit (EC) of an induction machine (IM). This paper evaluates multiple EC parameters identification methods (IDMs) and proposes a robust IDM routine for their accurate estimation. Furthermore, the proposed IDM routine shows reduced sensitivity to errors in known parameters compared to the standard IDMs, which is validated with the help of a detailed simulation model of a 9-phase IM.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2025
Keywords
multiphase electric machines, induction motor, vector space decomposition, equivalent circuit, parameter identification methods
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-363303 (URN)10.1109/IEMDC60492.2025.11061036 (DOI)001541499500193 ()2-s2.0-105010759886 (Scopus ID)
Conference
IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference (IEMDC) 2025, Houston, Texas, USA, May 18-21, 2025
Note

Part of ISBN 979-8-3503-7659-3

QC 20250917

Available from: 2025-05-12 Created: 2025-05-12 Last updated: 2025-12-20Bibliographically approved
5. Equivalent Circuit Parameter Measurement of Multiphase Induction Machine by Exploitation of Space Harmonic Relations
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Equivalent Circuit Parameter Measurement of Multiphase Induction Machine by Exploitation of Space Harmonic Relations
2025 (English)In: IEEE Access, E-ISSN 2169-3536, Vol. 13, p. 22831-22841Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

A multiphase induction machine model using vector space decomposition provides insights into many space harmonics through decoupled reference frames. In order to utilize this potential of the multiphase machine, the parameters of each vector space must be identified. These parameters are usually identified using standard no-load and locked rotor tests of each torque-producing vector space. However, these tests do not provide a method for identifying stator leakage inductances, which have comparable magnitudes to the magnetizing inductances for higher-order vector spaces. Thus, the magnetizing current cannot be neglected during the locked-rotor test. This paper proposes an accurate method for identifying the T-model parameters of a multiphase induction machine, which can be conveniently translated into the model of choice. The proposed method use harmonic relations to segregate the stator leakage inductance from the total stator inductance, enabling accurate locked-rotor and partial-load tests for the measurement of rotor side parameters. Lastly, a 9-phase induction machine is used for the evaluation of the proposed parameter measurement method. These measured parameters are used for the field-oriented control of each torque-producing vector space, whose performances are analyzed by quantifying the measured output torque error and linearity.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2025
Keywords
Multiphase, Induction Machine, non-linearity, Equivalent Circuit, Paramters
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-359971 (URN)10.1109/access.2025.3537335 (DOI)001416143900009 ()2-s2.0-85217070897 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20250227

Available from: 2025-02-13 Created: 2025-02-13 Last updated: 2025-05-10Bibliographically approved
6. Generalized Harmonic Injection Strategy for Multiphase Induction Machine Control
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Generalized Harmonic Injection Strategy for Multiphase Induction Machine Control
Show others...
2024 (English)In: IEEE transactions on energy conversion, ISSN 0885-8969, E-ISSN 1558-0059, Vol. 39, no 2, p. 1245-1254Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

A multiphase induction machine model using vector space decomposition provides insights into many space harmonics through decoupled reference frames. These decoupled reference frames host specific space vectors related to particular space harmonics. Based on the physical winding configuration, these vector spaces can be excited independently and simultaneously for the production of torque. However, this approach may result in beat oscillations due to interference between excited vector spaces if proper synchronization of vector spaces is not maintained. This paper describes this phenomenon through experimental tests. Furthermore, a solution eliminating the beat oscillations is proposed while optimizing the stator current or rotor flux linkage peaks. The effectiveness of the solution is experimentally verified on a 9-phase  induction machine. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2024
National Category
Control Engineering
Research subject
Electrical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-339541 (URN)10.1109/tec.2023.3331233 (DOI)001230194500033 ()2-s2.0-85177089999 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20240626

Available from: 2023-11-14 Created: 2023-11-14 Last updated: 2025-05-12Bibliographically approved
7. Ripple-Free Phase-Pole Modulation of a Multiphase Induction Machine
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Ripple-Free Phase-Pole Modulation of a Multiphase Induction Machine
2024 (English)In: 2024 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, ECCE 2024 - Proceedings, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2024, p. 6130-6135Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

A multiphase induction machine model using vector space decomposition provides insights into many space harmonics through decoupled reference frames. These decoupled reference frames host specific space vectors related to particular space harmonics. Based on the physical winding configuration, these vector spaces can be excited independently or simultaneously for the production of torque. Each torque-producing vector space generates a unique number of magnetic pole pairs and has independent torque-slip characteristics. In most literature, the transition between these magnetic pole pairs is achieved by magnetizing a desired vector space and then performing the torque transition. This approach results in beat oscillations due to interference between magnetized vector spaces. This paper proposes a solution that eliminates these beat oscillations during magnetic pole-pair transition while optimizing the stator current peaks. The effectiveness of this synchronized phase- pole modulation solution is experimentally verified on a 9-phase induction machine in comparison to the standard magnetic pole-pair transition methods.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2024
Keywords
inter plane magnetic cross coupling, multiphase electric machines, online phase-pole transition
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-361755 (URN)10.1109/ECCE55643.2024.10861520 (DOI)2-s2.0-86000479584 (Scopus ID)
Conference
2024 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, ECCE 2024, Phoenix, United States of America, Oct 20 2024 - Oct 24 2024
Note

Part of ISBN 9798350376067

QC 20250331

Available from: 2025-03-27 Created: 2025-03-27 Last updated: 2025-05-12Bibliographically approved

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