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Pile driving in glacial soil: Stochastic modelling of boulder-induced premature refusal
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics.ORCID iD: 0009-0001-3839-2578
2025 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Pile foundations provide support to structure by distributing external loads to deeper and firmer soil layers. The most efficient installation method consists in driving piles into the soil using impact hammers. However, the presence of obstructions inside the soil can compromise an efficient pile driving operation. A natural type of obstructions in glacial soils are boulders, rock fragments resulting from glacial erosion. The random presence of boulders within the soil can severely damage the piles, compromise their structural integrity and leading to structural failure, referred to as premature pile refusal. 

Large uncertainties related to the spatial distribution of boulders, their geometric properties and mechanical resistance, as well as the variability of the soil layers and the dynamic interaction between pile and boulders in firm soil, aggravate the complexity of the problem. Failing to properly quantify the risk of premature refusal can cause large additional costs and delays, as well as inefficient use of environmental resources, for a given construction project. 

The current approaches available to practicing engineers are ambiguous and mostly deterministic, relying mainly on practical experience. The construction industry especially in Sweden, where a large part of the landscape is covered in a glacial soil known as till, could greatly benefit from a risk-based approach that accurately and systematically identify and model the significant sources of uncertainties of the problem, while remaining intuitive, practical and simple to use. Such an approach is especially crucial in the design stage, to select the most suitable pile material and installation method for specific soil conditions, towards more economical and sustainable pile design solutions. 

This licentiate thesis presents a systematic method to analyse the risk of premature refusal during pile driving in glacial till. This includes the development of a one-dimensional homogeneous Poisson process to probabilistically model the presence of boulders and the variability of the soil layers thickness along the pile driving direction. This thesis also presents a cost model to identify and quantify the key economic implications of premature refusal, to achieve a better balance in pile design between cost, construction time and environmental efficiency.  

Abstract [sv]

Pålgrundläggning innebär att man fördelar laster från en överbyggnad till djupare och fastare jordlager. Den mest effektiva installationsmetoden är att slå ned pålar i marken med hjälp av en snabbslående hejare. Förekomst av hinder i jorden kan dock försvåra installationen. Ett naturligt hinder i glaciala jordar är block, vilka bildats genom glacial erosion. Den slumpmässiga förekomsten av block i marken kan allvarligt skada pålen vid installationen, vilket leder till så kallad bortslagning av påle. 

Stora osäkerheter kring blockens rumsliga fördelning, deras geometriska och mekaniska egenskaper, variationen i jordlagertjocklek och den dynamiska samverkan mellan påle och block i fast jord, bidrar till att försvåra problemet ytterligare. Att inte korrekt kvantifiera risken för bortslagning kan leda till betydande kostnadsökningar, förseningar i projektet och ineffektiv resursanvändning ur miljösynpunkt. 

De bedömningsmetoder som idag står till buds för praktiserande ingenjörer är otydliga och till största delen deterministiska, ofta baserade på erfarenhetsmässiga tumregler. Byggbranschen – särskilt i Sverige, där stora delar av landskapet är täckt av den glaciala jordarten morän – skulle därför ha stor nytta av en riskbaserad metod som identifierar och modellerar de viktigaste osäkerhetskällorna på ett noggrant och systematiskt sätt, men som samtidigt är intuitiv, praktisk och lätt att tillämpa. Ett sådant angreppssätt är särskilt avgörande i projekteringsskedet, för att välja lämplig påltyp och installationsmetod utifrån specifika jordförhållanden – i syfte att möjliggöra mer ekonomiska och hållbara pålningslösningar. 

Denna licentiatuppsats presenterar en systematisk metod för att analysera risken för bortslagning av pålar i morän. Arbetet omfattar bland annat utvecklingen av en sannolikhetsbaserad modell, baserad på en endimensionell Poisson-process, som modellerar förekomsten av block och variationen i jordlagrets mäktighet. Uppsatsen innehåller även en kostnadsmodell som identifierar och kvantifierar de viktigaste ekonomiska konsekvenserna av bortslagning, för att uppnå en bättre balans mellan kostnad, byggtid och miljömässig effektivitet i dimensioneringsarbetet.  

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. , p. 43
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2510
Keywords [en]
Uncertainty, Risk, Pile Design, Pile drivability
Keywords [sv]
Osäkerhet, Risk, Påldimensionering, Påldrivning
National Category
Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-363592ISBN: 978-91-8106-318-9 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-363592DiVA, id: diva2:1959214
Presentation
2025-06-13, B3, Brinellvägen 23, KTH Campus, public video conference link https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/63212508471, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 20250521

Available from: 2025-05-21 Created: 2025-05-19 Last updated: 2025-05-21Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Effect of Uncertainty in Design Decisions for Driven Piles in Soil with High Boulder Content
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Effect of Uncertainty in Design Decisions for Driven Piles in Soil with High Boulder Content
Show others...
2023 (English)In: GEO-RISK 2023: ADVANCES IN MODELING UNCERTAINTY AND VARIABILITY / [ed] Najjar, S Medina-Cetina, Z Ching, J, American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 2023, Vol. 347, p. 268-276Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Driven piles can be severely damaged during driving into soil with high boulder content and can potentially lose their structural integrity, resulting in premature pile refusal. This can cause large additional project cost and delays, including an urgency to change the design in progress. Geotechnical uncertainties related to the spatial variability of soil's boulder content aggravate the complexity of the problem, making it difficult to assess the probability of premature pile refusal due to boulders and to identify the optimal pile design and driving strategy. Existing tools for drivability assessment are mainly deterministic and excessively simplistic, relying on the technical expertise of the personnel involved in the design and execution of the project rather than adopting a systematic treatment of the uncertainties at the specific geological location. A transparent methodology to support the decision-making in pile design is necessary for a cost-effective driving and optimal design solutions. This paper discusses how pile design can be understood from a risk perspective, with specific focus on the assessment of pile drivability. It is found that a new probabilistic approach that provides a correlation between the results from site investigations with the quantities of boulder in the soil layer by inverse analysis can create a solid basis for decision-making in pile design.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 2023
Series
Geotechnical Special Publication, ISSN 0895-0563
National Category
Design
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-338171 (URN)10.1061/9780784484999.028 (DOI)001058588700028 ()2-s2.0-85182335295 (Scopus ID)
Conference
Conference on Geo-Risk - Advances in Theory and Innovation in Practice, JUL 23-26, 2023, Arlington, VA
Note

QC 20240125

Part of ISBN 978-0-7844-8499-9

Available from: 2023-10-16 Created: 2023-10-16 Last updated: 2025-05-19Bibliographically approved
2. On the Probability of Boulder Encounters for Piles Driven in Glacial Till
Open this publication in new window or tab >>On the Probability of Boulder Encounters for Piles Driven in Glacial Till
2024 (English)Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Considering that a large part of Sweden is covered by glacial till, which is classified as an unsorted sediment formed by glaciers that can contain fragments of rock known as boulders, driving piles constitutes a substantial economic risk. Piles driven into glacial till may encounter boulders and undergo structural damages leading to premature refusal and to the loss of piles. Even though geotechnical investigations as of today form a solid basis for the design of pile foundations, the unpredictable presence of boulders and their hard resistance to breakage, makes it challenging to penetrate boulders by standard investigation methods. Currently, the only available source of information used by the Swedish construction industry to confirm the existence of boulders is a dynamic penetration test known as soil–rock sounding. Relying on the results from only one testing method may for most projects underestimate the existence of boulders and their potential impact to piles, leading to an unsuitable design of the entire piling system. This paper discusses the benefit in using the input from soil–rock soundings for quantifying the probability of boulder encounters in glacial till based on Poisson point process.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Scipedia, S.L., 2024
Keywords
Glacial till, boulder encounter, pile foundations, site investigations
National Category
Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-363589 (URN)10.23967/isc.2024.257 (DOI)
Conference
7th International Conference on Geotechnical and Geophysical Site Characterization, Barcelona, Spain, June 17-21, 2024
Note

QC 20250519

Available from: 2025-05-19 Created: 2025-05-19 Last updated: 2025-05-19Bibliographically approved
3. Risk-based approach for modelling premature pile refusal in glacial till
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Risk-based approach for modelling premature pile refusal in glacial till
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-363591 (URN)
Note

QC 20250519

Available from: 2025-05-19 Created: 2025-05-19 Last updated: 2025-05-19Bibliographically approved

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Cannizzaro, Chiara

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