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Structural optimisation of single span steel-concrete high-speed railway bridges
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Structural Engineering and Bridges.ORCID iD: 0009-0006-0650-4869
2025 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Sustainable development
SDG 12: Responsible consumption and production
Abstract [en]

This thesis focuses on optimisation of single span steel-concrete composite high-speedrailway (HSR) bridges. The research aims to investigate how different parameters, suchas span length, steel grade, cross-section type, and damper usage, influence the designof optimised bridges. A case-study bridge with an installed long-term monitoring systemis used in a model updating procedure using error domain model falsification (EDMF)and then optimised by a Genetic Algorithm (GA). Then, a parametric study on theaforementioned parameters is performed, using the bridge as a reference.The thesis is a compilation of three papers, in which the first, Paper I, a simplified 2D FEmodel of a simply supported bridge was calibrated using EDMF. A sensitivity analysiswas performed to investigate the parameters that govern the dynamic response. Thedecisive parameters were then updated using falsification to obtain accurate parameterranges. It is shown that the most accurate dynamic behaviour is achieved using updatedmaterial parameters instead of Eurocode parameters, and that falsification is an efficientapproach to perform model calibration.In Paper II, the calibrated model was subjected to an optimisation procedure, wherethe mass of the steel girders of the bridge was minimised. The constraints were Eurocodedesign limits in the ultimate limit state (ULS), serviceability limit state (SLS), and fatiguelimit state (FLS). Dynamic evaluation was performed using a single degree of freedom(SDOF) system and Duhamel’s integral. Two optimisations were performed, one thatincluded retrofitted viscous dampers on the bridge, and one that did not. Using accuratematerial parameters obtained in Paper I, results show that the ULS in conjunction withaccelerations limits the design of the bridge.In Paper III, the case-studied bridge from the previous two papers was subjected to aparametric study. Instead of using calibrated material parameter values, Eurocode valueswere used to provide generality. In the parametric study, simply supported steel-concretecomposite railway bridges were optimised to investigate how different parameters affectedthe optimised design. Five different steel grades (S235, S275, S355, S420, and S460), 51different span lengths (from 20-70 m using 1 m increments) and four different cross-sectiontypes (double I-girders, semi-box girder with joined lower flanges, double box girdersand box girder with inclined webs) were analysed. Results indicate that accelerationsand stresses in the SLS limit the design. Results also indicate that the double I-girderprovide the lowest mass, and that mass of the steel girders (expressed in kg/m) is virtuallyunchanged for span lengths from 20-50 m.

Abstract [sv]

Denna licentiatuppsats är inriktad mot optimering av fritt upplagda samverkansbroar i betong och stål för höghastighetsjärnväg. Syftet med forskningen är att undersöka hur olika parametrar, såsom spännvidd, stålkvalitet, tvärsnittstyp och användning av dämpare påverkar utformningen av optimerade tvärsnitt. En fallstudiebro med ett installerat långtidsövervakningssystem används för en modelluppdatering med hjälp av EDMF (error domain model falsification) och optimeras därefter med hjälp av en genetisk algoritm. Därefter görs en parameterstudie av ovan nämnda parametrar med bron som referensbro.

Uppsatsen baseras på tre artiklar. I den första, Artikel I, genomfördes en kalibrering av en förenklad 2D-finitelementmodell av en enspannsbro med EDMF. En känslighetsanalys genomfördes för att undersöka vilka parametrar som styr det dynamiska beteendet hos bron. De mest kritiska parametrarna uppdaterades därefter genom falsifiering för att erhålla relevanta värden. Resultaten visar att bäst överensstämmelse i den dynamiska responsen fås med kalibrerade materialparametrar jämfört med Eurokoderna, samt att falsifiering är en effektiv metod för att genomföra modellkalibrering.

I Artikel II genomgick den kalibrerade modellen en optimeringsprocess där målet var att minimera massan hos brokonstruktionens bärande stålbalkar. Begränsningar i optimeringen utgjordes av dimensioneringskrav enligt Eurokoderna i brottgränstillstånd, bruksgränstillstånd samt utmattningsgränstillstånd. Den dynamiska analysen av bron genomfördes genom att förenkla bron till ett enfrihetsgradssystem för att därefter använda Duhamels integral. Två optimeringar genomfördes – en där bromodellen innefattar eftermonterade dämpare, och en utan. Med hjälp av materialparametrar från Artikel I visar resultaten från optimeringen att brottgränstillstånd i samverkan med accelerationskraven var avgörande vid dimensionering.

I Artikel III genomfördes en parameterstudie, där den tidigare kalibrerade bron användes som referensbro. Istället för kalibrerade värden på materialparametrar användes parametervärden givna i Eurokoderna för att uppnå generell tillämplighet av resultaten. I den parametriska studien optimerades fritt upplagda samverkansbroar för att undersöka hur olika parametrar påverkar det optimerade tvärsnittet. Fem olika stålkvaliteter (S235, S275, S355, S420 och S460), 51 olika spännvidder (från 20-70 m i steg om 1 m) samt fyra olika tvärsnitt (dubbel I-balk, halv lådbalk med sammanfogade underflänsar, dubbla lådbalkar, samt lådbalk med lutande liv) analyserades. Resultaten indikerar att accelerationer och spänningar i bruksgränstillståndet begränsar utformningen. Resultaten visar även att de dubbla I-balkarna resulterar i lägst massa och att massan hos stålbalkarna (uttryckt i kg/m) i stort sett är oförändrad för spännvidder mellan 20 och 50 meter. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. , p. 57
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2516
Keywords [en]
High-speed railway bridges, Steel-concrete composite structures, Error domain model falsification, Structural optimisation, Genetic Algorithm Structural dynamics
Keywords [sv]
Broar för höghastighetsjärnväg, Samverkansbroar i stål och betong, Error-domain model falsification, Strukturoptimering, Genetisk algoritm, Strukturdynamik
National Category
Structural Engineering Infrastructure Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Structural Engineering and Bridges
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-363720ISBN: 978-91-8106-317-2 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-363720DiVA, id: diva2:1959810
Presentation
2025-06-13, M108, Brinellvägen 23, KTH Campus, public video conference link https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/63902445951, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 20250522

Available from: 2025-05-22 Created: 2025-05-21 Last updated: 2025-05-22Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Model updating of a composite railway bridge: Case study of the Bryngeå Bridge using error domain model falsification
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Model updating of a composite railway bridge: Case study of the Bryngeå Bridge using error domain model falsification
2024 (English)In: The 15th Nordic Steel Construction Conference, June 26-28, 2024, Luleå, Sweden, 2024Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

When designing railway bridges, it is of utmost importance to consider the dynamic effects causedby moving train loads. In order to do so, finite element models are constructed and subjected tomoving load models presented in the Eurocodes. Oftentimes, the Eurocodes provide parameter valuesof adequate precision for practical purposes, however for research purposes, more accurate values aresought. In order to obtain these material parameter values; an error domain model falsification(EDMF) procedure is used to perform a model updating of an FE model of the single span steel-concrete composite railway bridge named the Bryngeå Bridge on Botniabanan in northern Sweden.The parameters with uncertain values to be updated were obtained using a sensitivity analysis anddetermined to be the following: modulus of elasticity of the concrete deck (𝐸c), density of the concrete(𝜌c), density of the ballast (𝜌b), longitudinal stiffness contribution of the continuity of the rails pastthe bridge span (𝑘rail), and support viscous damping from the post installed viscous dampers at themovable supports (𝑐support). The model updating using EDMF is applied to a simplified 2D model ofthe bridge, comparing the calculated results with measured data for accelerations, strains in the steelgirders, and beam end rotations at the movable support of the bridge. The results indicate that accurateparameter values are found for the Bryngeå Bridge, and that falsification is an efficient approach toperform model calibration. Resulting distributions imply that the parameter 𝑘rail can be discarded asa material parameter for the analysis of the Bryngeå Bridge.

Keywords
Model Updating, High Speed Railways, Error Domain Model Falsification (EDMF), Steel-Concrete Composite Structures
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Structural Engineering and Bridges
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-363714 (URN)10.5281/zenodo.12523614 (DOI)
Conference
NORDIC STEEL 2024
Note

QC 20250522

Available from: 2025-05-21 Created: 2025-05-21 Last updated: 2025-05-22Bibliographically approved
2. Optimisation of a steel-concrete composite railway bridge for dynamic performance
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Optimisation of a steel-concrete composite railway bridge for dynamic performance
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

To reduce investment cost and environmental impact of newcivil engineering structures, an obvious approach is to reduce material usage. For bridge structures this poses a challenge, as demands put on the structure differ when analysing static and dynamic loading, with theend result being that bridge design is an iterative task. To address the problem, an optimisation procedure using a Genetic Algorithm (GA) is employed on a single span steel-concrete composite railway bridge, theBrynge˚a Bridge on Botniabanan in northern Sweden. The optimisation is performed to obtain a lighter structure while still conforming to demands put on bridge structures presented in the Eurocodes. The criteria used in the work are quasistatic design calculations for the ultimate limit state, serviceability limit state and fatigue limit state, as well as a dynamice valuation performed for train speeds up to 300 km/h, using theHigh Speed Load Models in the Eurocodes. In total, two optimisations are performed, one including retrofitted dampers on the bridge, and one exluding the dampers. The work is limited to minimising the mass of thesteel girders in the bridge. Using accurate material parameters obtained from previous system identification of the bridge, results show that accelerations in conjunction with ultimate limit state loading limit the designof the bridge, and that I-girders with large tension flanges and small compression flanges produce the lightest cross-sections. Furthermore, results indicate that GA is an efficient tool for obtaining lighter structures.

Keywords
Optimisation, Viscous Dampers, Structural Dynamics, Steel-Concrete Composite Structures, Bridges
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering Structural Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Structural Engineering and Bridges
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-363718 (URN)
Note

QC 20250522

Available from: 2025-05-21 Created: 2025-05-21 Last updated: 2025-05-22Bibliographically approved
3. Optimisation of Steel-Concrete Composite High Speed Railway Bridges
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Optimisation of Steel-Concrete Composite High Speed Railway Bridges
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

In all civil engineering practices, the goal is to produce effective and safe structures,minimising material usage while conforming to all relevant safety and comfortcriteria. To achieve materially efficient bridges, it is of the utmost importance toinvestigate and optimise various design alternatives and compare them. In this paper,a vast array of simply supported steel-concrete composite railway bridges forhigh speed railway traffic are optimised using a Genetic Algorithm. Different crosssections,steel grades and span lengths are analysed to achieve the lowest possiblesteel mass. Four different cross-sections are examined: double I-girders, double boxgirders, a semi box girder with a joint lower flange and a box girder with inclinedwebs. Steel grades between S235 and S460 and span lengths from 20-70 m are usedin the optimisation. As constraints, Eurocode criteria for accelerations, the ultimateand serviceability limit state design, fatigue, beam end rotations and beamdeflections are used. Web slenderness is limited to avoid web breathing. The resultsindicate that I-girders produce the cross-section with the lowest mass. The mostdecisive criteria are accelerations for span lengths below about 50 m and the serviceabilitylimit state stress check above about 50 m. In all cases, cross-sections withvery slender webs render the lowest steel mass.

Keywords
High-Speed Railway Bridges, Composite Structures, Genetic Algorithm, Optimisation
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering Structural Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Structural Engineering and Bridges
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-363716 (URN)
Note

QC 20250522

Available from: 2025-05-21 Created: 2025-05-21 Last updated: 2025-05-22Bibliographically approved

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