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Vibration-Based Monitoring of Gas Stirring in Steelmaking Ladles: Effects of Fluid Properties and Operational Parameters
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Process.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1784-9388
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Gas stirring is widely used in Ladle Metallurgy to enhance chemical reactions and the removal of Non-Metallic Inclusions (NMIs) prior to the production of high-quality steel and high-niched alloys. Although gas stirring is of major importance, accurate techniques have yet to be developed for improved monitoring and control of the stirring process in steelmaking ladles. Indirect measurements such as vibration measurements have shown an increased potential for monitoring and control of the stirring process. Vibration measurements at laboratory scale as well as at industrial scale ladles are valuable for the development of process monitoring and control tools. However, most of the existing research has relied on laboratory scale models using water as a modelling fluid, whose physical properties differ significantly from those of molten steel. The physical properties of the involved fluids have been shown to affect significantly the characteristics of the two-phase flows.Therefore, investigations using mechanistic models filled with fluids that more closely resemble the properties of molten steel are essential for better understanding e.g. the vibrations in steelmaking ladles.

In this work, vibration measurements were performed during argon injection in two different modelling fluids: Sn–40 wt% Bi alloy at 200°C and water at room temperature, utilizing the same experimental ladle. The experiments were conducted at the LIMMCAST laboratory facilities at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf in Germany. Additionally, vibration measurements were carried out in an industrial steelmaking ladle during vacuum degassing (VD) at Uddeholms AB, Hagfors, Sweden.

At the LIMMCAST testing facility, vibration measurements were conducted for argon injection in the liquid domain through different types of stirring plugs as an orifice plug, porous plug and slit plug. The measurements were performed at ambient pressure for both Sn–40 wt% Bi and water, as well as at reduced pressure on the top free surface of the liquid Sn–40 wt% Bi. The relationship between vibrational amplitude and flow rate differed between the two examined fluids, despite utilizing the same measuring setup and experimental ladle. The experiments revealed distinct characteristic frequency ranges corresponding to various bubble evolution events from bubble formation at the stirring plugs to rise and collapse at the top free surface of the liquids.Variations in the physical properties of water resulted in modification of the size and number of produced bubbles, shifting the vibrational frequencies to higher values. Furthermore, bubble shape affects vibrational characteristics where elongated bubbles from slit plugs generate higher-frequency vibrations due to increased shape oscillations and bubble-liquid interaction. Slit width and number influence plume dynamics where narrower, more numerous slits enhance bubble frequency and the resulting turbulence, raising the vibrational amplitude. Reduced pressure on the top free surface of the liquid metal results in the formation of larger bubbles, shifting vibrational frequencies to lower values and increasing the amplitude.

Vibration measurements in an industrial ladle showed good agreement with those obtained at LIMMCAST filled with Sn–40 wt% Bi, both in the pattern of vibrational amplitude increase with rising flow rate and in the observed vibrational frequencies. Analysis of low-frequency ranges (100–300 Hz) in steel making ladles provided insights into bubble formation and gas injection conditions. In contrast, high-frequency ranges (900–1600 Hz) offered information about stirring dynamics and top surface movements. Vibration measurements provide an effective means to assess mixing conditions in ladles during VD and can aid in developing stirring monitoring models. While IR cameras capture temperature distribution and surface movement characteristics, limitations exist in detecting subtle flow phenomena such as soft stirring. Vibration-based models could complement IR monitoring by assessing even soft stirring, enabling improved process control.

Abstract [sv]

Gasomrörning används i stor utsträckning inom skänkmetallurgi för att förbättra kemiska reaktioner och avlägsnandet av icke-metalliskainneslutningar (NMI) före produktionen av högkvalitativt stål och högförädlade legeringar. Trots att gasomrörning är av stor betydelse har ännu inte tillräckligt exakta tekniker utvecklats för förbättrad övervakning och styrning av omrörningsprocessen i ståltillverkningsskänkar. Indirekta mätmetoder såsom vibrationsmätningar har visat en ökad potential för attövervaka och styra omrörningsprocessen. Vibrationsmätningar i laboratorieskala liksom i industriella skänkar är värdefulla för utveckling av processövervaknings- och styrverktyg. Dock har den mesta befintliga forskningen baserats på laboratoriemodeller som använder vatten som modelleringsvätska, vars fysikaliska egenskaper skiljer sig avsevärt från de hos smält stål. Det har visats att vätskornas fysikaliska egenskaper påverkar egenskaperna hos tvåfasflöden avsevärt. Därför är undersökningar med mekanistiska modeller fyllda med vätskor som mer liknar smält stålsegenskaper avgörande för att bättre förstå exempelvis vibrationer i ståltillverkningsskänkar.

I detta arbete genomfördes vibrationsmätningar under argoninjektion i två olika modelleringsvätskor: Sn–40 wt% Bi-legering vid 200 °C och vatten vid rumstemperatur, med användning av samma experimentella skänk. Experimenten utfördes vid LIMMCAST-laboratoriet vid Helmholtz-ZentrumDresden-Rossendorf i Tyskland. Dessutom genomfördes vibrationsmätningar i en industriell ståltillverkningsskänk under vakuumavgasning (VD) hos Uddeholms AB i Hagfors, Sverige.

Vid LIMMCAST-tes tanläggningen utfördes vibrationsmätningar vid argoninjektion i vätskefasen genom olika typer av omrörningspluggar såsom orificieplugg, porös plugg och spaltplugg. Mätningarna utfördes vid omgivningstryck för både Sn–40 wt% Bi och vatten, samt vid reducerat tryck vid den fria ytan av den flytande Sn–40 wt% Bi. Sambandet mellan vibrationsamplitud och flödeshastighet skilde sig mellan de två undersökta vätskorna, trots användning av samma mätuppställning och experimentella skänk. Experimenten visade tydliga karaktäristiska frekvensområden sommotsvarade olika bubbelhändelser – från bubbelbildning vid omrörningspluggarna till uppstigning och kollaps vid vätskans fria yta. Variationer i vattnets fysikaliska egenskaper ledde till förändringar i storlek och antal producerade bubblor, vilket skiftade vibrations frekvenserna tillhögre värden. Dessutom påverkar bubblornas form vibrations karaktäristikendär avlånga bubblor från spaltpluggar genererar högre frekvensvibrationer på grund av ökade formoscillationer och bubbel-vätskeinteraktion. Spaltens bredd och antal påverkar plymdynamiken där smalare och fler spalter förstärker bubbelfrekvensen och den resulterande turbulensen, vilket ökar vibrationsamplituden. Reducerat tryck vid den fria ytan av metallvätskan leder till bildning av större bubblor, vilket skiftar vibrationsfrekvenserna till lägre värden och ökar amplituden.

Vibrationsmätningar i en industriell skänk visade god överensstämmelse med de som erhölls vid LIMMCAST fylld med Sn–40 wt% Bi, både i mönstret för vibrationsamplitudens ökning med stigande flödeshastighet och i de observerade vibrationsfrekvenserna. Analys av lågfrekvensområden (100–300Hz) i ståltillverkningsskänkar gav insikter i bubbelbildning ochgasinjektionsförhållanden. I kontrast gav högfrekvensområden (900–1600 Hz) information om omrörningsdynamik och rörelser vid den övre ytan. Vibrationsmätningar utgör ett effektivt sätt att bedöma blandningsförhållanden i skänkar under VD och kan bidra till utveckling av modeller för övervakning av omrörning. Medan IR-kameror fångar temperaturfördelning och rörelser vid ytan, finns det begränsningar i att upptäcka subtila flödesfenomen såsom mjuk omrörning. Vibrationsbaserade modeller kan komplettera IR-övervakning genom att även kunna bedömamjuk omrörning, vilket möjliggör förbättrad processtyrning.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. , p. 157
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2025:31
Keywords [en]
dle Metallurgy, mechanistic modelling, two-phase flow, vibration measurements, process control, process optimization
Keywords [sv]
Skänkmetallurgi, mekanistisk modellering, tvåfasflöde, vibrationsmätningar, processövervakning, processoptimering
National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Research subject
Materials Science and Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-365378ISBN: 978-91-8106-342-4 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-365378DiVA, id: diva2:1974776
Public defence
2025-08-29, F3 /https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/62847656514, Lindstedtsvägen 26- 28, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-06-27 Created: 2025-06-23 Last updated: 2025-08-25Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Investigations on Vibrational Interpretations of Bubbles in Metal-Making Processes
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Investigations on Vibrational Interpretations of Bubbles in Metal-Making Processes
2023 (English)In: Metallurgical and materials transactions. B, process metallurgy and materials processing science, ISSN 1073-5615, E-ISSN 1543-1916, Vol. 54, no 4, p. 2105-2120Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Vibration measurements were carried out using highly sensitive accelerometers in an experimental ladle integrated into the LIMMCAST (Liquid Metal Model for Steel Casting) facility at HZDR. The model is operated with liquid Sn–40 wt pctBi alloy at 200 °C, whose physical properties are close to those of molten steel. Three accelerometers were attached to the outer wall of the LIMMCAST vessel to record the vibrations caused by the argon bubble flow in the liquid metal at different process parameters. The results obtained at the liquid metal experiments differ from those reported for water models where the relationship between root mean square (RMS) value of the vibration amplitude and the gas flow rate follows different curve shapes. Furthermore, the results of vibration measurements in the LIMMCAST model are compared with vibration measurements in a steel plant during vacuum degassing. The comparison of the RMS data shows a fairly good agreement. This indicates that the vibrations in both the industrial process and the laboratory model are caused by the same physical mechanisms, and thus, the vibration behavior in an industrial steelmaking ladle can be reproduced quite well by suitable liquid metal models. These studies on bubble flows can help to improve the understanding of industrial stirring processes and thus contribute to a better process control.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature, 2023
National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-338450 (URN)10.1007/s11663-023-02820-6 (DOI)000989913300003 ()2-s2.0-85159650251 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20231116

Available from: 2023-11-16 Created: 2023-11-16 Last updated: 2025-06-25Bibliographically approved
2. Vibrations Analysis of Bubble Evolution in Liquids of Varying Physical Properties
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Vibrations Analysis of Bubble Evolution in Liquids of Varying Physical Properties
2024 (English)In: Metallurgical and materials transactions. B, process metallurgy and materials processing science, ISSN 1073-5615, E-ISSN 1543-1916, Vol. 55, no 1, p. 229-241Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In recent years there is an attempt to control the gas stirring intensity in metal-making ladles with the aid of vibration measurements. Understanding better the induced vibrations in two-phase flows can substantially improve the existing models for gas stirring control. In this work, highly sensitive accelerometers were used for the vibration measurements in a liquid metal alloy; Sn–40 wt pctBi alloy at 200 °C and water at 20 °C. The examination of the liquids was conducted in the ladle mockup integrated into the Liquid Metal Model for Steel Casting facility at Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf. Single bubbles were generated in the respective liquids by controlled argon injection at low flow rates in the range of 0.01 to 0.15 NL min −1 through a single nozzle installed at the bottom of the ladle. Obtained results demonstrate differences between the induced vibrations in the examined liquids in terms of the magnitude of the root mean square values of vibration amplitude and the shape of the resulting curves with increasing flow rate. Furthermore, continuous wavelet transform reveals variations in the duration and vibrational frequency of the evolved bubble phenomena. The findings suggest that differences in the physical properties of the examined liquids result in variations in the vibrations induced during bubble evolution.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature, 2024
National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-365341 (URN)10.1007/s11663-023-02953-8 (DOI)001103836900002 ()2-s2.0-85176394950 (Scopus ID)
Funder
KTH Royal Institute of Technology
Note

QC 20250626

Available from: 2025-06-23 Created: 2025-06-23 Last updated: 2025-08-14Bibliographically approved
3. Experimental Investigations on the Impact of Operational Conditions on Bubble Dynamics and the Resulting Vibrations in Gas Stirred Ladles
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Experimental Investigations on the Impact of Operational Conditions on Bubble Dynamics and the Resulting Vibrations in Gas Stirred Ladles
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-365372 (URN)
Note

QC 20250626

Available from: 2025-06-23 Created: 2025-06-23 Last updated: 2025-06-26Bibliographically approved
4. Vibrational Analysis of Steelmaking Ladles: Findings from Industrial and Laboratory Studies for Model Development and Stirring Optimization
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Vibrational Analysis of Steelmaking Ladles: Findings from Industrial and Laboratory Studies for Model Development and Stirring Optimization
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-365374 (URN)
Note

QC 20250626

Available from: 2025-06-23 Created: 2025-06-23 Last updated: 2025-06-30Bibliographically approved

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