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Situational awareness using set-based estimation and vehicular communication: An occluded pedestrian-crossing scenario
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control). Autonomous Transport Systems, Research and Development, Scania CV AB, Södertälje, 151 87, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6030-2869
School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Heilbronn, 74076, Germany.
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3672-5316
Autonomous Transport Systems, Research and Development, Scania CV AB, Södertälje, 151 87, Sweden.
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2025 (English)In: Communications in Transportation Research, E-ISSN 2772-4247, Vol. 5, article id 100190Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The safety of unprotected road-users is crucial in any urban traffic. Occlusions and blind spots in the field-of-view of a vehicle can lead to unsafe situations. In this work, a specific pedestrian-crossing scenario is considered with an occlusion in the ego-vehicle's field-of-view. A novel framework is presented to enhance situational awareness based on vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication to share perception data between vehicle and roadside units. It leverages set-based estimation utilizing a computationally efficient algorithm, for which the pedestrian is guaranteed to be located in a constrained zonotope. The proposed method has been validated through both simulation and real experiments. The real experiments are carried out on a test track using Scania autonomous vehicles.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV , 2025. Vol. 5, article id 100190
Keywords [en]
Safety guarantees, Set-based estimation, Shared situational awareness, Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication
National Category
Control Engineering Vehicle and Aerospace Engineering Communication Systems
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-366023DOI: 10.1016/j.commtr.2025.100190ISI: 001510696800001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105007627956OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-366023DiVA, id: diva2:1980964
Note

QC 20250703

Available from: 2025-07-03 Created: 2025-07-03 Last updated: 2026-04-08Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Shared Situational Awareness for Connected and Automated Vehicles in Urban Scenarios
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Shared Situational Awareness for Connected and Automated Vehicles in Urban Scenarios
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

A major challenge in developing connected and automated vehicles~(CAVs) for urban environments is achieving a comprehensive understanding of the surrounding traffic scene. This relies on situational awareness, defined as the ability to perceive, interpret, and anticipate the behavior of surrounding road-users, which is essential to ensure safety. In particular, unprotected road-users, such as pedestrians and cyclists, are often occluded or located in sensor blind-spots of the CAV, which remains a critical challenge. This thesis aims to improve the situational awareness of the ego-vehicle, the CAV of primary interest, in urban environments by leveraging vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication to incorporate information from connected road-users. A framework using set-based methods is developed to systematically handle uncertainties in measurements and initial conditions of detected pedestrians.

The objective is to address several key challenges that arise in real-world scenarios, including data inconsistency, data association, pedestrian motion prediction, and efficient reduction of redundant information. The thesis first proposes a shared situational awareness framework for occluded pedestrian-crossing scenario to compute an estimated set for the pedestrian. The framework is extended to handle measurements from V2X units that may be inconsistent with the ground truth of the detected pedestrian. To address scenarios involving multiple occluded pedestrians, a data association method based on intersection-over-union heuristics is introduced. Pedestrian motion prediction is further studied using both a data-driven approach and a bounded velocity–acceleration model applied to the estimated set obtained from the framework. An occlusion-aware extension is also developed to handle situations where occlusions affect both the ego-vehicle and V2X units by exploiting previously observed measurements. Finally, a method for selecting and filtering relevant information from multiple V2X units is proposed to reduce the computational load while maintaining effectiveness. The proposed methods are validated through numerical simulations and real-world experiments using Scania prototype automated vehicles.

Abstract [sv]

En stor utmaning i utvecklingen av uppkopplade och automatiserade fordon (CAV) för stadsmiljöer är att uppnå en omfattande förståelse av den omgivande trafikbilden. Detta bygger på situationsmedvetenhet, definierad som förmågan att uppfatta, tolka och förutse omgivande trafikanters beteende, vilket är avgörande för att säkerställa säkerheten. I synnerhet är oskyddade trafikanter, såsom fotgängare och cyklister, ofta blockerade eller placerade i sensorers blinda vinklar i CAV, vilket fortfarande utgör en kritisk utmaning. Denna avhandling syftar till att förbättra situationsmedvetenheten hos ego-fordonet, CAV:n av primärt intresse, i stadsmiljöer genom att utnyttja fordon-till-allt-kommunikation (V2X) för att inkorporera information från uppkopplade trafikanter. Ett ramverk som använder på mängd-baserade metoder utvecklas för att systematiskt hantera osäkerheter i mätningar och initialvillkor för upptäckta fotgängare. 

Målet är att adressera flera viktiga utmaningar från verkliga scenarier, inklusive datainkonsekvens, dataassociation, förutsägelse av fotgängarrörelser och effektiv minskning av redundant information. Avhandlingen föreslår först ett gemensamt situationsmedvetenhetsramverk för ockluderade övergångsställen för att beräkna en uppskattad mängd för fotgängaren. Ramverket utökas för att hantera mätningar från V2X-enheter som kan vara inkonsekventa med den detekterade fotgängarens verklighet. För att hantera scenarier som involverar flera ockluderade fotgängare introduceras en dataassociationsmetod baserad på snitt-över-union heuristik. Förutsägelse av fotgängarrörelser studeras vidare med hjälp av både en datadriven metod och en begränsad hastighet-accelerations-modell tillämpad på den uppskattade mängden från ramverket. En ocklusionsmedveten utökning utvecklas också för att hantera situationer där ocklusioner påverkar både ego-fordonet och V2X-enheterna genom att utnyttja tidigare mätningar. Slutligen föreslås en metod för att välja och filtrera relevant information från flera V2X-enheter för att minska beräkningsbelastningen samtidigt som effektiviteten bibehålls. Metoderna valideras genom numeriska simuleringar och verkliga experiment med Scanias prototypbaserade automatiserade fordon.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2026. p. xvi, 135
Series
TRITA-EECS-AVL ; 2026:21
Keywords
Connected and automated vehicles; pedestrian safety; vehicle-to-everything communication; Shared situational awareness
National Category
Robotics and automation
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-379079 (URN)978-91-8106-557-2 (ISBN)
Public defence
2026-05-07, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/63639257006, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 8, Stockholm, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Wallenberg AI, Autonomous Systems and Software Program (WASP)
Note

QC 20260408

Available from: 2026-04-10 Created: 2026-04-08 Last updated: 2026-04-20Bibliographically approved

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Narri, VandanaMårtensson, JonasJohansson, Karl Henrik

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