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Enabling 6G Performance in the Upper Mid-Band by Transitioning From Massive to Gigantic MIMO
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Communication Systems, CoS.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5954-434X
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Communication Systems, CoS. Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, Türkiye.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9735-5200
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Communication Systems, CoS.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1011-789X
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Communication Systems, CoS. Nokia Standards, Espoo, Finland.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7594-2367
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2025 (English)In: IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, E-ISSN 2644-125X, Vol. 6, p. 5450-5463Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The initial 6G networks will likely operate in the upper mid-band (7-24 GHz), which has decent propagation conditions but underwhelming new spectrum availability. In this paper, we explore whether we can anyway reach the ambitious 6G performance goals by evolving the multiple-input multipleoutput (MIMO) technology from massive in 5G to gigantic in 6G. We describe how many antennas are needed to reach the envisioned 6G peak user rates, how many can realistically be deployed in practical radio equipment, and what the practical spatial degrees-of-freedom might become. We further suggest a new deployment strategy that enables the utilization of radiative near-field effects in these bands for precise beamfocusing, localization, and sensing from a single base station site. Finally, we identify open research and standardization challenges that must be overcome to efficiently use gigantic MIMO dimensions in 6G from hardware, cost, and algorithmic perspectives.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2025. Vol. 6, p. 5450-5463
Keywords [en]
6G, energy efficiency, gigantic MIMO, localization, near field, sensing, upper mid-band
National Category
Telecommunications Communication Systems
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-366016DOI: 10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3576931ISI: 001525507800005Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105007622361OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-366016DiVA, id: diva2:1981104
Note

QC 20260123

Available from: 2025-07-03 Created: 2025-07-03 Last updated: 2026-01-23Bibliographically approved

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Björnson, EmilKara, FerdiKolomvakis, NikolaosKosasih, AlvaRamezani, ParisaSalman, Murat Babek

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