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System-level impacts of electrification on the road freight transport system: a dynamic approach
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Centres, Integrated Transport Research Lab, ITRL.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6644-5884
Department of Management and Engineering, Logistics Management Division, Linköping, Sweden.
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Centres, Integrated Transport Research Lab, ITRL. Uppsala Science Park, Skogforsk, Uppsala, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2011-6273
2024 (English)In: International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, ISSN 0960-0035, E-ISSN 1758-664X, Vol. 54, no 6, p. 631-651Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Purpose: Electrification is a promising solution for decarbonising the road freight transport system, but it is challenging to understand its impact on the system. The purpose of this research is to provide a system-level understanding of how electrification impacts the road freight transport system. The goal is to develop a model that illustrates the system and its dynamics, emphasising the importance of understanding these dynamics in order to comprehend the effects of electrification. Design/methodology/approach: The main methodological contribution of the study is the combination of the multi-layer model with system dynamics methodology. A mixed methods approach is used, including group model building, impact analysis, and literature analysis. Findings: The study presents a conceptual multi-layer dynamic model, illustrating the complex causal relationships between variables in the different layers and how electrification impacts the system. It distinguishes between direct and induced impacts, along with potential policy interventions. Moreover, two causal loop diagrams (CLDs) provide practical insights: one explores factors influencing electric truck attractiveness, and the other illustrates the trade-off between battery size and fast charging infrastructure for electric trucks. Originality/value: The study provides stakeholders, particularly policymakers, with a system-level understanding of the different impacts of electrification and their ripple effects. This understanding is crucial for making strategic decisions and steering the transition towards a sustainable road freight transport system.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Emerald , 2024. Vol. 54, no 6, p. 631-651
Keywords [en]
Causal loop diagram, Electric trucks, Electrification, Logistics, Road freight transport system, System dynamics, System thinking, System-level effects
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-366731DOI: 10.1108/IJPDLM-11-2023-0436ISI: 001293454000001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85200820460OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-366731DiVA, id: diva2:1983003
Note

QC 20250709

Available from: 2025-07-09 Created: 2025-07-09 Last updated: 2025-11-24Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. System-level impact of electrification on the road freight transport system: a System Dynamics approach
Open this publication in new window or tab >>System-level impact of electrification on the road freight transport system: a System Dynamics approach
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Road freight transport is a major contributor to global emissions. Decarbonising the sector is challenging but essential to achieving sustainability goals. While electrification of heavy-duty trucks offers a promising decarbonisation pathway, this transition is more than just a technological shift; it is a "system transition" shaped by multiple interconnections among technological innovation, infrastructure expansion, market adoption, stakeholder engagement, and policy interventions. Understanding this system transition requires moving beyond isolated technical or financial analyses toward a holistic perspective that captures how decisions by stakeholders such as freight operators, charging providers, vehicle manufacturers, electricity suppliers, and policymakers interact through feedback mechanisms that unfold over time.

This thesis investigates the dynamic complexity shaping the transition to electrified road freight transport using System Dynamics (SD) methodology. Through six appended papers, the research addresses three fundamental questions: How does electrification impact the freight system at the system level? How can this dynamic complexity be modelled? How can such modelling support informed decision-making toward sustainable transport?

The research begins by structuring future pathways for automation, electrification, and digitalisation using morphological analysis, mapping 23 technology parameters across four scenarios. A conceptual multi‑layer model then distinguishes direct electrification effects (e.g., vehicle cost, charging need) from induced effects that ripple through supply chains, transport markets and infrastructure, illustrated with causal loop diagrams (CLDs). Three quantitative SD models capture critical transition dynamics: the co-evolution of electric truck adoption and charging infrastructure development, revealing "chicken-and-egg" dynamics and policy leverage points; the complex trade-offs between business efficiency and societal efficiency, exposing potential rebound effects; and the cross-sectoral interdependencies between freight electrification and electricity supply, revealing how capacity constraints and price dynamics impact electric truck adoption trajectories. Finally, a multi‑system transitions (MST) perspective is combined with qualitative SD in two cases (forestry, port hinterland) to map technology, actor and institutional couplings between freight and electricity systems.

The thesis contributes with (1) a structured, system‑level framing of freight electrification that makes feedbacks and induced effects explicit; (2) calibrated SD models that quantify adoption‑infrastructure co‑evolution, system‑wide efficiency dynamics and transport‑electricity interdependencies; (3) a methodological advancement in applying SD to freight electrification transitions through integration with multi‑layer and multi‑system transition frameworks; (4) guidance on policy timing, mix and stability, including phase‑specific recommendations; and (5) participatory decision‑support tools that help public and private actors test interventions under uncertainty. Together, these contributions equip stakeholders with the system-level understanding needed to make strategic decisions and steer the transition toward a sustainable road freight transport system.

Abstract [sv]

Godstransporter på väg är en betydande källa till globala utsläpp, och att ställa om sektorn är svårt men avgörande för att nå hållbarhetsmålen. Elektrifiering av tunga lastbilar (e-lastbilar) erbjuder en lovande väg, men omställningen är mer än en teknisk förändring; det handlar om en systemomställning som formas av samverkande kopplingar mellan teknisk innovation, utbyggnad av infrastruktur, marknadsintroduktion, aktörsengagemang och styrmedel. För att förstå dynamiken i systemet krävs ett helhetsperspektiv som går bortom isolerade tekniska eller finansiella analyser och fångar hur beslut av aktörer – såsom transportörer, laddoperatörer, fordonstillverkare, elbolag och beslutsfattare – påverkar varandra genom återkopplingsmekanismer över tid.

Denna avhandling undersöker den dynamiska komplexiteten i övergången till elektrifierade godstransporter på väg med hjälp av systemdynamik (System Dynamics, SD). Genom sex artiklar behandlas tre grundfrågor: hur elektrifiering påverkar godstransportsystemet på systemnivå, hur denna dynamik kan modelleras, och hur sådan modellering kan stödja välgrundat beslutsfattande för en hållbar transportsektor.

Arbetet inleds med att strukturera framtida möjliga utvecklingsvägar för automation, elektrifiering och digitalisering med morfologisk analys, där 23 teknologiparametrar kartläggs över fyra scenarier. Därefter presenteras en konceptuell flernivåmodell som skiljer mellan direkta elektrifieringseffekter (t.ex. fordonskostnad, laddbehov) och inducerade effekter som fortplantar sig genom leveranskedjor, transportmarknader och infrastruktur, illustrerade med kausala slingdiagram (causal loop diagrams, CLD). Tre kvantitativa SD-modeller fångar centrala dynamiker för omställningen. Den första modellen analyserar samspelet mellan införande av e-lastbilar och utbyggnad av laddinfrastruktur, som blottlägger "hönan-och-ägget-dynamik" och påverkan av olika styrmedel. Den andra modellen undersöker komplexa avvägningar mellan företagsekonomisk och samhällsekonomisk effektivitet, inklusive möjliga reboundeffekter. Den tredje modellen kartlägger tvärsektoriella kopplingar mellan elektrifiering av godstransporter och elsystemets kapacitet, där flaskhalsar och prisdynamik formar införandebanor. Avslutningsvis kombineras ett multisystemperspektiv (multi-system transitions, MST) med kvalitativ SD i två fall (skogsbruket respektive hamnens inlandstransporter) för att kartlägga tekniska, aktörsmässiga och institutionella kopplingar mellan transport- och elsystem.

Avhandlingen bidrar med (1) ramverk på systemnivå som explicitgör återkopplingar och inducerade effekter; (2) SD-modeller som kvantifierar samutvecklingen mellan införande av e-lastbilar och infrastruktur, systemomfattande effektivitetsdynamik samt beroenden mellan utvecklingen av transport- och elsystemet; (3) ett metodologiskt bidrag genom tillämpning av SD på elektrifieringsomställningen av godstransporter och integration med flernivåmodeller och ramverk för omställning av multisystem; (4) vägledning avseende timing, sammansättning och stabilitet för styrmedel, inklusive rekommendationer för olika omställningsfaser; samt (5) ett beslutsstöd som hjälper offentliga och privata aktörer att testa åtgärder under osäkerhet. Tillsammans ger dessa bidrag aktörer den systemförståelse som krävs för strategiska beslut och för att styra omställningen mot ett hållbart godstransportsystem på väg.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. p. 219
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2025:44
Keywords
road freight transport system, logistics, electrification, electric trucks, system-level effects, sustainability transitions, system thinking, system dynamics, causal loop diagram, and policy analysis., godstransporter på väg, logistik, elektrifiering, eldrivna tunga lastbilar, systemnivåeffekter, hållbarhetstransitioner, systemtänkande, systemdynamik, kausala slingdiagram, policystudier
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics Energy Systems
Research subject
Machine Design
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-373171 (URN)
Public defence
2025-12-11, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/65911695046, sal F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26-28, Stockholm, 14:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-11-20 Created: 2025-11-20 Last updated: 2025-11-24Bibliographically approved

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Raoofi, ZeinabPernestål, Anna

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