kth.sePublications KTH
Change search
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf
Reduction of uplift under concrete dams from grout curtains – a case study
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics. Tyréns AB, Stockholm 11886, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1195-1587
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8152-6092
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Sustainable development, Environmental science and Engineering, Water and Environmental Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0958-7181
2025 (English)Conference paper, Poster (with or without abstract) (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Grout curtains are commonly constructed in the dam foundation to reduce the water seepage through the foundation. Specifically for concrete dams, the grout curtain together with the drainage system reduce the pore pressure in the foundation and the uplift pressure acting on the dam body, thereby reducing the risk of sliding failure. Previously, an analytical method was developed to estimate the reduction of uplift pressure from grout curtains under concrete dams. In this paper, a case study was carried out with the aim of presenting a systematic review on this analytical method. The case study focuses on a Swedish concrete dam which is under reconstruction after more than 100 yearsin service. As part of the reconstruction, a new grout curtain was constructed to reduce the seepage inthe foundation and reduce the uplift pressure on the dam body to enhance the dam safety. This case study provides an opportunity to validate the analytical method. In the case study, the results from geological and hydrogeological investigations, as well as the initial grouting design and grouting procedure during the construction was summarized. Based on this input, calculations were performed using the new analytical method to estimate the reduction of uplift after grouting. As a part of the dam’s monitoring system, and a validation measure of the calculation, four piezometers were placed in the rock foundation after the grouting was completed, two on the upstream side of the grout curtainand two on the downstream side. The readings of all the piezometers were recorded to show the actual reduction on the uplift pressure. Results from the calculations and the piezometer readings were compared and discussed. As an additional comparison, numerical analyses on the studied dam using software COMSOL Multiphysics® were performed. The numerical analyses took the influence from the drainage system on the pore pressure into consideration, which could isolate the effect from the drainage system from the grout curtain. The comparison of the grout curtain and the drainage system with respect to the uplift pressure reduction is further evaluated and discussed. Finally, the authors provide some practical suggestions on future dam foundation design with respect to uplift pressure reduction.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2025.
National Category
Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-366848OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-366848DiVA, id: diva2:1983346
Conference
International Symposium “Common Challenges, Shared Future, Better Dams”, ICOLD-CIGB 2025, Chengdu, China, May 16-23, 2025
Note

QCR 20250711

Available from: 2025-07-10 Created: 2025-07-10 Last updated: 2025-07-11Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Cement-based grouting of rock foundations for new and existing dams
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Cement-based grouting of rock foundations for new and existing dams
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Grout curtains are usually constructed under dams as a barrier to prevent leakage from the reservoir, reduce uplift, and also prevent transport of fine material through the foundation. These grout curtains have mainly been designed by using an empirical design approach. However, the empirical approach has its limitations, such as lack of design over grout curtain thickness, long grouting time as a result of the stop criterion, and high grouting pressure which can cause unfavorable jacking.

To deal with these limitations, a theory-based design methodology for grout curtains under new dams has been developed. The grout curtain is treated as a structural component in the dam foundation. The geometry and location of the grout curtain is firstly designed with respect to three requirements: (i) the hydraulic conductivity reduction, (ii) prevention of erosion of fracture infillings and (iii) optimization of uplift reduction. Grouting work is then designed to obtain the designed geometry of the grout curtain. In the design of the grouting work, analytical calculations are implemented to determine the grouting pressure, grouting time and grout hole layout. The erosion process of fracture infilling materials was studied as a supplement to the requirement (ii). Coupled numerical analyses were performed to better understand the initiation of erosion of fracture infillings. The results showed that a previous equation derived by White under laminar flow can be suitable to estimate the incipient motion of fracture infilling materials. 

For existing dams, remedial grouting is a measure to strengthen the deteriorated grout curtains under old dams. The major challenge of remedial grouting is the high pressure gradient in the previously grouted zones. High gradient leads to high water velocities, where the flowing water can erode the injected fresh grout in the rock fractures. Even if the fractures are sealed, a phenomenon called viscous fingering can occur, which destabilize the grout front and creates new leakage channels. Erosion of fresh cement-based grout and viscous fingering between water and grout were studied with experiments and numerical simulations. The experiments revealed that the existing criterion on grout erosion tends to be oversimplified. Viscous fingering was observed despite the theoretical prediction and the numerical simulations suggested it would not occur. This deviation was further discussed with respect to uncertainties in the experimental setup.

Strategies were suggested for remedial grouting practice using cement-based grout to minimize disturbance by flowing water: (i) utilize multiple pressure relief holes upstream of grout holes to reduce water-induced shear stress on the fresh grout; (ii) maintain sufficient pressure holding time to provide time for the grout to harden and prevent the displacement of the injected grout.

Abstract [sv]

Injekteringsridåer konstrueras vanligtvis under dammar som en barriär för att förhindra läckage från magasinet, reducera upptrycket, och även för att förhindra transport av finmaterial genom grunden. Traditionellt har dessa injekteringsridåer utformats med en empirisk dimensioneringsmetod. Denna metod har dock vissa begränsningar, såsom brist på dimensionering av injekteringsridåns tjocklek, långa injekteringstider till följd av stoppkriterier samt höga injekteringstryck som kan orsaka ogynnsam spricköppning (jacking).

För att hantera dessa begränsningar har en teoribaserad dimensioneringsmetodik utvecklats för injekteringsridåer under nya dammar. Injekteringsridån betraktas här som en strukturell komponent. Geometrin och placeringen av injekteringsridån utformas utifrån tre krav: (i) minskning av hydraulisk konduktivitet, (ii) förebyggande av erosion av sprickfyllnadsmaterial och (iii) optimering av reduktion av upptrycket. Injekteringsarbetet utformas sedan för att uppnå den planerade geometrin för injekteringsridån. Vid dimensioneringen av injekteringsarbetet används analytiska beräkningar för att bestämma injekteringstryck, injekteringstid och borrhålslayout. Erosionsprocessen för sprickfyllnadsmaterial studerades som ett komplement till krav (ii). Kopplade numeriska analyser genomfördes i projektet för att bättre förstå erosionens initiering i sprickfyllnadsmaterial. Resultaten visade att en tidigare ekvation, härledd av White under laminärt flöde, kan vara lämplig för att uppskatta när förflyttningen av sprickfyllnadsmaterial initieras.

För befintliga dammar är reparationsinjektering en åtgärd för att förstärka injekteringsridåer som över tid har försämrats. Den största utmaningen vid reparationsinjektering är den höga tryckgradienten i tidigare injekterade zoner. En hög gradient kan leda till vattenflöden med höga hastigheter, vilket kan erodera nyligen injekterat cementbaserat injekteringsbruk i bergsprickorna innan det härdat. Även om sprickorna tätas kan ett fenomen kallat viskös kanalbildning uppstå i det nyligen injekterade bruket, vilket destabiliserar injekteringsfronten och skapar nya läckagekanaler. Erosion av färskt cementbaserat injekteringsbruk och viskös kanalbildning mellan vatten och injekteringsbruk studerades genom experiment och numeriska simuleringar. Experimenten visade att den befintliga kriteriemodellen för erosion tenderar att vara alltför förenklad. Viskös kanalbildning observerades trots att teoretiska förutsägelser och resultat från numeriska simuleringar antydde att fenomenet inte skulle uppstå. Denna avvikelse diskuterades vidare, speciellt med hänsyn till ingående osäkerheter i den experimentella uppställningen.

Baserat på erhållna resultat föreslogs ett antal strategier för reparationsinjektering med cementbaserat injekteringsbruk för att minimera störningarna från strömmande vatten: (i) användning av flera tryckavlastningshål uppströms om injekteringshålen för att minska vattnets skjuvspänning på det färska bruket och (ii) tillräcklig tryckhållningstid för att ge injekteringsbruket tid att härda och förhindra förflyttning av den injekterade massan.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. p. 77
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2512
Keywords
Grout curtains, rock grouting, dams, infilling materials in rock fractures, grout erosion, viscous fingering, remedial grouting, Injekteringsridåer, berginjektering, dammar, sprickfyllnadsmaterial, erosion av injekteringsbruk, viskös kanalbildning, reparationsinjektering
National Category
Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-366849 (URN)978-91-8106-298-4 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-08-29, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, KTH Campus, public video conference link https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/69019536392, Stockholm, 14:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 20250711

Available from: 2025-07-11 Created: 2025-07-10 Last updated: 2025-10-29Bibliographically approved

Open Access in DiVA

fulltext(1122 kB)121 downloads
File information
File name FULLTEXT01.pdfFile size 1122 kBChecksum SHA-512
3dccdc912ee81802e477e9dfdfc288bea7140e5c0429d71f96baf8e0eb7346b8d4fdb876aa8833f6ff3057bded5182b63c093e39c50e68408d1696c20d7e3ffd
Type fulltextMimetype application/pdf

Authority records

Zhang, SuihanJohansson, FredrikZou, Liangchao

Search in DiVA

By author/editor
Zhang, SuihanJohansson, FredrikZou, Liangchao
By organisation
Soil and Rock MechanicsWater and Environmental Engineering
Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology

Search outside of DiVA

GoogleGoogle Scholar
Total: 121 downloads
The number of downloads is the sum of all downloads of full texts. It may include eg previous versions that are now no longer available

urn-nbn

Altmetric score

urn-nbn
Total: 286 hits
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf