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Has the Funding Mix of German Firms ChangedAfter Stricter Bank Regulation?
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Industrial Economics and Management (Dept.), Accounting, finance, economics and organization (AFEO).ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1815-5823
DIW Berlin; Jönköping International Business School.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3879-7361
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Centres, Centre of Excellence for Science and Innovation Studies, CESIS. Jönköping International Business School.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5776-9396
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Using a panel of about 6,000 firms from the Mannheim innovation survey, we study whether stricter bank regulations have changed the funding mix of firms. In particular, we shed light on the question of whether the importance of bank financing for tangible investments or innovation expenditures has decreased since stricter regulations were imposed. The results of the multivariate probit models show that the likelihood of using bank loans for financing tangible investments or innovation expenditures has not changed following stricter bank regulations. Our results show that the likelihood of using bank loans as a funding source has not changed for tangible investments and innovation investments after stricter capital requirement regulations were announced. However, the probability of using other external funding sources, such as mezzanine capital and overdrafts, has decreased. On the other hand, subsidies have increased due to programs that were implemented in the course of the financial crisis. Strong evidence is found that medium- sized firms use more bank loans than both smaller and larger firms. Furthermore, small and medium-sized enterprises’ productivity has not changed in light of stricter banking regulations. Overall, the impact from funding sources on productivity is rather limited. However, firms that have used mezzanine capital or subsides exhibit significantly lower productivity.

Keywords [en]
funding mix, innovation expenditures, investment, bank loans, bank regulation
National Category
Economics
Research subject
Economics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-367237OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-367237DiVA, id: diva2:1984347
Note

Submitted to Industry and Innovation, ISSN 1366-2716, EISSN 1469-8390

QC 20250718

Available from: 2025-07-15 Created: 2025-07-15 Last updated: 2025-07-18Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Innovation, Technical Change and the Labour Market
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Innovation, Technical Change and the Labour Market
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This doctoral thesis consists of four papers. The two first papers are related to financial economics and the other two to labour economics. All four papers deal with microeconomics analysis of individuals and firms. Where the first two are from a firm's perspective and the two are from an individuals perspective. Moreover, all four papers underline the importance of innovation for productivity, competitiveness and economic growth. In the first essay we use German Community Innovation Survey to identify financially constrained firms. Contrary to previous studies we find that the relationship between financial constraints and firm size is inverted u-shaped and that it is the group of medium sized firms which has the largest funding gaps. This is explained by the fact that these firms have high innovation capabilities but at the same time face high cost of capital. Furthermore, we test if financial constraints have an impact on firm productivity growth. We find negative effects from funding gaps on productivity, but only for investment in tangible capital and not for innovation investments. The second essay investigates whether there has been a change in the productivity and funding mix of innovative Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) post stricter bank regulations. Our result shows that the likelihood of using bank loans as a funding source has not changed for innovation investments nor for tangible investments after stricter capital regulations have been announced. On the other hand, sources such as subsidies have increased due to regulatory programs that have been implemented in the aftermath of the recent financial crisis. Furthermore, SMEs productivity has not changed post stricter bank regulations. Overall, the impact from different sources of funding on productivity is rather limited. The third essay explores firm formation by migrants with a STEM background. The result shows that native born STEM workers have a higher probability to form firms relative to migrants. Further categorization of migrants shows that refugees are more likely to become entrepreneurs than EU-labour migrants. Overall, entrepreneurial migrants have equal or higher predicted income in comparison to native born STEM entrepreneurs. The fourth essay analysis wage effects from changing work tasks using a tasked-based approach where workers are mapped in a two dimensional model classified by their cognitive and routine task content. The result shows clear signs of wage polarization. A switch from routine and manual tasks to non routine cognitive task yields an average wage premium of about 2-6%. More importantly, while the gap was 1-5% in the beginning of the period, it increased to 10-13% at the end of the period. The result suggest that adapting new production technology and innovations to complement analytical skills has a higher and increasing marginal productivity compared to technologies aimed to replace or complement routinized and manual work tasks. The period of this study is associated with several so-called breakthrough technologies such as, computerization, robotization, digitalization and the introduction of IT technology.

Abstract [sv]

Denna doktorsavhandling består av fyra uppsatser. De två första är inriktade mot finansiell ekonomi och de två senare mot arbetsmarknadsekonomi. Samtliga fyra uppsatser bygger på mikroekonomiska analyser av individer och företag, där de två första utgår från ett företags­perspektiv och de två senare från ett individperspektiv. Dessutom understryker alla fyra uppsatser innovationens betydelse för produktivitet, konkurrenskraft och ekonomisk tillväxt.

I den första uppsatsen använder vi den tyska Community Innovation Survey för att identifiera finansiellt begränsade företag. Till skillnad från tidigare studier finner vi att sambandet mellan finansiella begränsningar och företagsstorlek har en inverterad U-form och att gruppen med medelstora företag har de största finansieringsgapen. Detta förklaras av att dessa företag har hög innovationskapacitet men samtidigt möter höga kapitalkostnader. Vidare prövar vi om finansiella begränsningar påverkar företagens produktivitetstillväxt. Vi finner negativa effekter av finansieringsgap på produktiviteten, men endast för investeringar i materiellt kapital inte för innovationsinvesteringar.

Den andra uppsatsen undersöker om produktivitet och finansieringsmixen hos innovativa små och medelstora företag (SME) har förändrats efter skärpta bankregleringar. Våra resultat visar att sannolikheten att använda banklån som finansieringskälla inte har förändrats vare sig för innovationsinvesteringar eller för materiella investeringar efter att strängare kapitalregler aviserats. Däremot har finansieringskällor såsom bidrag ökat till följd av program som infördes i efterdyningarna av den senaste finanskrisen. Vidare har SME:s produktivitet inte förändrats efter de skärpta bankreglerna. Sammantaget är effekten av olika finansieringskällor på produktiviteten relativt begränsad.

Den tredje uppsatsen analyserar företagsbildning bland migranter med STEM-bakgrund. Resultaten visar att inrikes födda STEM-arbetstagare har högre sannolikhet att starta företag än migranter. En ytterligare uppdelning av migrantgruppen visar dock att flyktingar är mer benägna att bli entreprenörer än EU-arbetskraftsinvandrare. Överlag har entreprenöriella migranter lika hög eller högre förväntad inkomst jämfört med inrikes födda STEM-entreprenörer.

Den fjärde uppsatsen analyserar löneeffekter av förändrade arbetsuppgifter med en uppgiftsbaserad ansats, där arbetstagare placeras i en tvådimensionell modell utifrån kognitivt respektive rutinmässigt arbetsuppgiftsinnehåll. Resultaten visar tydliga tecken på lönepolarisering. Ett skifte från rutin- och manuella uppgifter till icke-rutinmässiga kognitiva uppgifter ger en genomsnittlig lönepremie på cirka 2–6 %. Medan lönegapet låg på 1–5 % i början av perioden ökade det till 10–13 % mot slutet. Resultaten tyder på att ny produktionsteknik och innovationer som kompletterar analytiska färdigheter har högre och stigande marginalproduktivitet jämfört med teknik som syftar till att ersätta eller komplettera rutinerade och manuella arbetsuppgifter. Studieperioden sammanfaller med flera så kallade genombrottsteknologier såsom datorisering, robotisering, digitalisering och informations­teknikens genomslag.

 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm, Sweden: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. p. 167
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2025:32
Keywords
Financial constraints and SME innovation capability, Bank regulation, STEM entrepreneurs, Work task and marginal wages.
National Category
Economics
Research subject
Economics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-367240 (URN)978-91-8106-353-0 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-09-05, F3 / https://kth-se.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_YgwzyR0tRJSFKX4qh721Dg, Lindstedtvägen 26-28, stockholm, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-08-14 Created: 2025-07-15 Last updated: 2025-09-15Bibliographically approved

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Dastory, LindaStephan, Andreas

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