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Housing för the elderly - Supply, demand and wellbeing
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management, Real Estate Business and Financial Systems.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7685-9861
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The aim of this thesis is to further explore and analyse the housing situation ofthe elderly in terms of supply, demand and well-being. The thesis contributesto existing knowledge in the field of housing for the elderly. This includes adiscussion of the dominant idea that the individual should age in place, i.e. inan existing home. The chosen context is Sweden. The doctoral thesis consistsof four articles, of which three are published and one is under scientific review.

One of the contributions that this thesis makes is that the elderly are not ahomogeneous group, but rather consist of younger elderly who are still active,and older elderly, who may need more help with daily life. This is of course alsorelated to physical health factors, but these are not studied in more detail inthe thesis, which has a focus on the perceived well-being of the elderly.Previous research has overestimated the willingness of the elderly to remain intheir existing home, and thereby underestimated their willingness to move toother housing.

In addition to the elderly's own preferences, they are also affected byopportunities and flexibility in the housing market. The number of homes onthe market is adjusted primarily through a price mechanism and onlysecondarily by building or demolishing homes, so the adjustment is slow.People who need to live in a retirement home also need a certificate from asocial welfare officer, which is becoming increasingly difficult as the number ofelderly people increases over time. It is also the municipality that decideswhether and when a new retirement home is to be built. Previous research onretirement homes is limited, as they are not subject to market pricing and opendemand. The thesis thus also makes a contribution in one respect as it alsoaddresses the effect of the Ädelreformen from 1992. The purpose of this was tostreamline the allocation of housing for the elderly and at the same timeprovide fewer institutions, but the results of the thesis question whether thewell-being of the age group has really been improved by the idea of aging inplace.

All municipalities are responsible for ensuring that all people in themunicipality have somewhere to live, but where and how people live can vary.Some municipalities also rely on being able to rent from other municipalitiesthat currently have vacancies. The distribution of retirement homes across thecountry varies geographically and is influenced by factors such as urbanization,as well as the size of the municipality and the tax revenues for the municipality.This thesis addresses several different markets – both free pricing and theutility value system in the rental market and retirement homes – and differentmunicipalities can choose different ways to solve their residents' housing needsbased on local demand. Just as there is a population pyramid at the bottom forSweden and the EU, it can be imagined that each municipality has its ownpopulation pyramid to base itself on when solving housing problems withregard to both housing for the elderly and overcrowding. The thesiscontributes to increased knowledge about the elderly's options in the housingmarket, their own preferences and well-being, and suggests measures that canfacilitate increased flexibility and adaptation to perceived needs.

Abstract [sv]

Syftet med denna avhandling är att vidare utforska och analysera äldresbostadssituation i termer av utbud, efterfrågan och välbefinnande.Avhandlingen bidrar till befintlig kunskap inom området bostäder för äldre.Detta inkluderar en diskussion om den dominerande idén om att individen skaåldras på plats, dvs i redan befintlig bostad. Den valda kontexten är Sverige.Doktorsavhandlingen består av fyra artiklar, varav tre är publicerade och en ärunder vetenskaplig granskning.

Ett av bidragen som denna avhandling ger är att de äldre inte är en homogengrupp, utan snarare består av yngre äldre som fortfarande är aktiva, och äldreäldre, som kan behöva mera hjälp med dagliga livet. Detta är givetvis ocksårelaterat till fysiska hälsofaktorer, men dessa studeras inte närmare iavhandlingen som har ett fokus på äldres upplevda välbefinnande. Tidigareforskning har övervärderat de äldres vilja att bo kvar i sin befintliga bostad,och därmed undervärderat deras vilja att flytta till annat boende.

Förutom de äldres egna preferenser påverkas de också av möjligheter ochflexibilitet på bostadsmarknaden. Antal bostäder på marknaden anpassas iförsta hand via en prismekanism och först i andra hand med att man byggereller river bostäder, så anpassningen går långsamt. De personer som behöverbo på ett äldreboende behöver dessutom ett intyg från en biståndshandläggare,vilket blir allt svårare i och med att de äldre ökar i antal över tid. Det är ocksåkommunen som bestämmer om och när ett nytt äldreboende ska byggas.Tidigare forskning om äldreboenden är begränsad, eftersom de inte omfattasav marknadsprissättning och en öppen efterfrågan. Avhandlingen gör därmedäven ett bidrag i ett avseende då också effekten av Ädelreformen från 1992 tasupp. Meningen med denna var att effektivisera allokering av bostäder för äldreoch samtidigt ge färre institutioner, men avhandlingens resultat ifrågasätterom åldersgruppens välbefinnande verkligen förbättrats av idén om att åldraspå plats.

Alla kommuner har ansvar för att alla personer i kommunen har någonstansatt bo, men var och hur man bor kan variera. Vissa kommuner förlitar sig ävenpå att de kan hyra in sig hos andra kommuner som för närvarande harvakanser. Spridningen på äldreboenden över landet varierar geografiskt ochbland annat urbanisering påverkar här, liksom kommunens storlek ochskatteintäkterna för kommunen. Denna avhandling tar upp flera olikamarknader – såväl fri prissättning som bruksvärdessystemet påhyresmarknaden och äldreboenden – och olika kommuner kan välja olika sättatt lösa sina invånares boenden utefter lokal efterfrågan. Precis som det liggeren befolkningspyramid i botten för Sverige och EU så kan man tänka sig attvarje kommun har sin befolkningspyramid att utgå ifrån när man löserbostadsproblem vad gäller såväl äldres boende som trångboddhet.Avhandlingen bidrar till ökad kunskap om de äldres alternativ påbostadsmarknaden, egna preferenser och välbefinnande samt föreslår åtgärdersom kan underlätta en ökande flexibilitet och anpassning till upplevda behov.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. , p. 37
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2519
Keywords [en]
elderly, housing, demand, supply wellbeing
Keywords [sv]
Bostadsmarknad, äldre, hälsa, Sverige
National Category
Social Sciences
Research subject
Real Estate and Construction Management
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-367754ISBN: 978-91-8106-352-3 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-367754DiVA, id: diva2:1986060
Public defence
2025-08-29, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 8, KTH Campus, Public video conference link https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/64661429211, Stockholm, 13:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 20250805

Available from: 2025-08-05 Created: 2025-07-29 Last updated: 2025-12-16Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Moving later in life - preferences and opportunity
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Moving later in life - preferences and opportunity
2018 (English)In: International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis, ISSN 1753-8270, E-ISSN 1753-8289, Vol. 11, no 5, p. 852-874Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Purpose: Statistics from Eurostat show that several European countries have an increasing proportion of elderly people, making their housing situation of increasing interest. For many years, it has been policy in Sweden to help elderly people remain in their current homes for as long as possible. This paper aims to find reasons why people want to move at different stages in life and investigate whether the pattern follows the life cycle in housing. Earlier research has been performed in the USA (Gibler and Clements III, 2011) and in China (Jia and Heath, 2016), but these questions remain understudied in Sweden.

Design/methodology/approach: A model of the demand for adapted houses is designed and tested on data gathered in Gävle in 2012. The method uses a binary choice model with stated preference data.

Findings: The results of this study show that earlier preferences and age determine the future living situation, but that senior living (rental or condominium) is most popular as a future home.

Practical implications: Not everyone has the economic resources to move according to their preferences; reasons include high monthly costs and taxes. Changes in the tax system may produce better moving chains and increase the supply of affordable housing.

Originality/value: The model in this paper could guide future studies within the area.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Emerald, 2018
Keywords
Adapted housing, Demography, Elderly, Life cycle, Social housing, Stated preference
National Category
Economics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-367753 (URN)10.1108/IJHMA-02-2018-0012 (DOI)000448740100006 ()2-s2.0-85055286614 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20260918

Available from: 2025-07-29 Created: 2025-07-29 Last updated: 2026-09-18Bibliographically approved
2. What Determines the Supply of Housing for the Elderly, and How Is it Related to the Spread of COVID-19?
Open this publication in new window or tab >>What Determines the Supply of Housing for the Elderly, and How Is it Related to the Spread of COVID-19?
2022 (English)In: Journal of Aging and Environment, ISSN 2689-2618, E-ISSN 2689-2626, Vol. 36, no 4, p. 357-380Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

As in many other countries, the population of Sweden is getting older. This means that the number of older people in society will increase in absolute numbers and relative terms. Consequently, the need for elderly housing will increase, and the cost of these investments will be high. The following study aims to perform a quantitative analysis of the spatial distribution of the number and size of housing units for the elderly in Sweden in 2013–2018. The number of elderly housing units per capita is not evenly distributed, and a large part of the explanation is, of course, that the number of older people is not evenly distributed between municipalities. Nevertheless, we can also state that the municipality’s income level and tax base, as well as the geographical size and degree of urbanization, play a role. If the municipality has a surplus or deficit in the supply of special housing for the elderly, it does not correlate with the distribution of COVID-19 cases.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Informa UK Limited, 2022
Keywords
COVID-19, demographics, elderly, housing stock, J11, R23, R31
National Category
Public Health, Global Health and Social Medicine
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-312080 (URN)10.1080/26892618.2021.1963386 (DOI)000889497000002 ()2-s2.0-85116347924 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20220510

Available from: 2022-05-10 Created: 2022-05-10 Last updated: 2025-07-31Bibliographically approved
3. Analyzing the Relationship Between Housing and Social Engagement Among the Elderly
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Analyzing the Relationship Between Housing and Social Engagement Among the Elderly
2026 (English)In: Journal of Aging and Environment, ISSN 2689-2618, E-ISSN 2689-2626, Vol. 40, no 1, p. 53-69Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Utilizing a large-scale public health survey in Sweden, this paper analyzes the relationship between the fraction of elderly above the age of 80 who live in various tenure forms, and their social engagement. Social engagement is a measure of both social interaction with others, and overall engagement in society. This measure has an established relationship with mental and physical health, even as the causal mechanism are still understudied. Across 130 municipalities, we find that a higher fraction of elderly living in elderly housing is associated with a lower fraction of elderly classified as having a low level of social engagement. We also find that a higher fraction of elderly living in single-family houses is associated with a higher fraction of elderly classified as having a low level of social engagement. The results support that closer proximity to neighbors, and potentially the engagement offered through services in elderly care, increases overall social engagement among the elderly, thereby also assumably promoting better mental and physical health. We elaborate on the relationship between the findings, and housing policies toward elderly populations.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Informa UK Limited, 2026
Keywords
Elderly, housing, mental health, social engagement, social interactions, well-being
National Category
Other Social Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-367170 (URN)10.1080/26892618.2024.2400656 (DOI)001309944400001 ()2-s2.0-85203547030 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20260306

Available from: 2025-07-15 Created: 2025-07-15 Last updated: 2026-03-06Bibliographically approved
4. Moving intentions among older adults in rental housing: Elucidating the concept of ageing-in-place
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Moving intentions among older adults in rental housing: Elucidating the concept of ageing-in-place
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Other Social Sciences
Research subject
Real Estate and Construction Management
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-367779 (URN)
Note

QC 20250731

Available from: 2025-07-30 Created: 2025-07-30 Last updated: 2025-07-31Bibliographically approved

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