kth.sePublications
Change search
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf
Establishing an external validity of virtual environments in a micro-mobility context
Institute of Transport Studies, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien (University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences), Vienna, Austria. (Institute of Transport Studies)ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8927-3387
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Centres, Integrated Transport Research Lab, ITRL.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1558-382x
Institute of Transport Studies, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien (University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences), Vienna, Austria. (Institute of Transport Studies)ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4028-9016
Institute of Transport Studies, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien (University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences), Vienna, Austria. (Institute of Transport Studies)ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7124-7164
2025 (English)In: Transportation, ISSN 0049-4488, E-ISSN 1572-9435Article in journal (Refereed) Epub ahead of print
Abstract [en]

This study aimed to provide a multiangled comparison of the impact of real and virtual setups on the behaviour and perception of electric scooter (e-scooter) riding to examine the external validity of the virtual environments in the micro-mobility context. For this purpose, a within-subject design experiment was conducted to collect data on the behaviour of e-scooter riders. Furthermore, self-reported data on mental and physical demand as well as physiological data in the form of heart rate measurements and electroencephalography (EEG) were recorded to provide an additional insight into the behavioural results. The analysis was based on the multinomial logit model (MNL) for the behavioural data, ordered logit models for self-reported measures. Parametric and non-parametric tests were performed to capture the differences in physiological data. The results of the behavioural data showed significant differences in braking and acceleration patterns between virtual and real scenarios, which undermined the external validity of virtual environments in the current context. Further, self-reported measures painted a mixed picture when looked at jointly with biometric measures, where the questionnaires indicated that both setups were indifferent with respect to mental demand, while the physiological data suggested that virtual scenarios were more mentally engaging for the e-scooter riders.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature, 2025.
Keywords [en]
Virtual environments, E-scooter, External validity, EEG, HRV
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics Human Computer Interaction Other Engineering and Technologies
Research subject
Machine Design; Transport Science
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-368079DOI: 10.1007/s11116-025-10602-zISI: 001469008400001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105002781110OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-368079DiVA, id: diva2:1986886
Funder
Integrated Transport Research Lab (ITRL), F8907
Note

This work is supported by the Austrian FFG Endowed Professor DAVeMoS project(project number 862678).

QC 20250805

Available from: 2025-08-04 Created: 2025-08-04 Last updated: 2025-08-05Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Put your heart into it: What biometrics and behaviour can teach us about road users
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Put your heart into it: What biometrics and behaviour can teach us about road users
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

As the world enters the intelligence age, it is no surprise that it is easier than ever to collect a vast variation of data types, whether it be raw data on human behaviour or processed data on travel patterns, that can be analysed with the help of artificial intelligence and prove to be incredibly valuable. In the domain of transport science, there is a constant quest to make the transport sector safer and more efficient without hindering those travelling from getting to where they need to be, when they need to be there, and data is vital in that quest.

The data collection tools that have become available in the fields of human-computer interaction and human-machine interaction over the past couple of years show great potential in uncovering how road users are affected by the surroundings they travel through or operate in. It is not only possible to meticulously collect how a person is interacting with a vehicle, be it a conventional or a remotely controlled vehicle, but it is also possible to collect biometric data to understand the psychological and physiological effects of the surroundings on the person. Such biometric data mostly stem from brain and heart activity, hence the title of this thesis: Put your heart into it.

This thesis explores how biometric and behavioural data can be collected, which methods should be used for analysis, and how experiments should be designed to optimize the potential of the data sets collected. Through three studies, focusing each on pedestrians, electric scooters, and general driver information searching, this thesis is intended as a first step towards a guide for other subdomains within transport, like psychology and engineering, on how to collect and analyse psychological information through physical data, also called psychophysiology.

The first study focuses on longitudinal studies with low-frequency biometric data collected through smartwatches. Providing cruder results in terms of psychological analysis but proving rather non-intrusive since the participants can turn on and turn off the data collection at their own will.

The second study utilises high-frequency biometric data, collected through chest straps and electrode helmets. The results provide more accurate readings, leading to analyses that provide more in-depth information regarding how a person’s cognitive load and risk perception is affected by their surroundings and their own actions.

The last study compares the biometric and behavioural characteristics of searching for information in both static and dynamic scenarios. Using eye-tracking and head-movement, this study uses simple data analyses to show how important eye-tracking can be when the aim is to understand what a road user is looking at when trying to search for information, whether they are static or moving along a road.

In conclusion, these studies and this thesis have not only proven how useful and efficient these data collection methods can be, but also taken early steps to uncover how to create studies that allow for these data collection methods to be trialled with the aim to understand how road users are affected in the current transport environment.

Abstract [sv]

När världen går in intelligensåldern är det ingen överraskning att det är enklare än någonsin att samla in en så stor variation av datatyper, vare sig det är rådata om mänskligt beteende eller om bearbetade data om resmönster, analyserad med hjälp av artificiell intelligens, kan denna data visa sig vara otroligt värdefull.

De datainsamlingsverktyg som har blivit tillgängliga inom områdena människa-datorinteraktion och människa-maskininteraktion under de senaste åren visar stor potential för att avslöja hur trafikanter påverkas av omgivningen de färdas genom eller verkar i. Det är inte bara möjligt att noggrant samla in hur en person interagerar med ett fordon, vare sig det är ett konventionellt eller ett fjärrstyrt fordon, utan det är också möjligt att förstå psykologisk och fysiologisk effekt av fordonets omgivning på personen. Sådana biometriska data härrör mest från hjärn- och hjärtaktivitet, därav titeln på denna avhandling: Put your heart into it.

Denna avhandling utforskar hur biometrisk och beteendedata kan samlas in, vilka metoder som bör användas för analys och hur experiment bör utformas för att optimera potentialen hos den insamlade datan. Genom tre studier, var och en med fokus på fotgängare, elsparkcyklar och allmän informationssökning för förare, är denna avhandling tänkt som ett första steg mot en guide för andra underdomäner inom transport, som psykologi och teknik, om hur man samlar in och analyserar psykologisk information genom fysiska data, även kallad psykofysiologi.

Den första studien fokuserar på longitudinella studier med lågfrekvent biometriska data insamlad genom smartklockor. Ger grövre resultat i termer av psykologisk analys men visar sig vara ganska icke-påträngande eftersom deltagarna kan slå på och stänga av datainsamlingen efter egen vilja.

Den andra studien använder högfrekvent biometriska data, insamlad genom bröstband och elektrodhjälmar. Resultaten ger mer exakta avläsningar, vilket leder till analyser som ger mer djupgående information om hur en persons kognitiva belastning och riskuppfattning påverkas av omgivningen och deras egna handlingar.

Den sista studien jämför de biometriska och beteendemässiga egenskaperna för att söka information i både statiska och dynamiska scenarier. Med hjälp av blickspårning och huvudrörelser, använder denna studie enkla dataanalyser för att visa hur viktigt blickspårning kan vara när syftet är att förstå vad en trafikant tittar på när de försöker söka information, oavsett om de är statiska eller rör sig längs en väg.

Sammanfattningsvis har dessa studier och denna avhandling inte bara bevisat hur användbara och effektiva dessa datainsamlingsmetoder kan vara, utan också tagit tidiga steg för att avslöja vad som fungerar och vad som inte fungerar när man skapar scenarier för studier med syfte att förstå hur trafikanter påverkas i den nuvarande transportmiljön.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. p. 111
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2025:13
Keywords
Behavioural data, Biometric data, Sensor fusion, Travel Diaries, Micromobility, Beteende data, Biometrisk data, Sensorfusion, Resedagböcker, Mikromobilitet
National Category
Human Computer Interaction Transport Systems and Logistics Other Engineering and Technologies
Research subject
Machine Design
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-368105 (URN)978-91-8106-338-7 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-08-28, F3/https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/62096219683, Lindstedtsvägen 26-28, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Projects
MERGEN
Funder
Integrated Transport Research Lab (ITRL), F8907TrenOp, Transport Research Environment with Novel Perspectives
Available from: 2025-08-07 Created: 2025-08-04 Last updated: 2025-08-26Bibliographically approved

Open Access in DiVA

Establishing an external validity of virtual environments in a micro-mobility context(2651 kB)32 downloads
File information
File name FULLTEXT01.pdfFile size 2651 kBChecksum SHA-512
2a410522895e89b72a4f19026e4acf12674bf2b99a1e55f0d65fe4512b1a14dc5b775ecd40f859c1f8e4ae3f8f4be9e598e37d23294c358a7bc9f2ea4645048f
Type fulltextMimetype application/pdf

Other links

Publisher's full textScopus

Authority records

Fidler, MartynaPalmberg, Robin C. O.Su, ShunSusilo, Yusak

Search in DiVA

By author/editor
Fidler, MartynaPalmberg, Robin C. O.Su, ShunSusilo, Yusak
By organisation
Integrated Transport Research Lab, ITRL
In the same journal
Transportation
Transport Systems and LogisticsHuman Computer InteractionOther Engineering and Technologies

Search outside of DiVA

GoogleGoogle Scholar
Total: 32 downloads
The number of downloads is the sum of all downloads of full texts. It may include eg previous versions that are now no longer available

doi
urn-nbn

Altmetric score

doi
urn-nbn
Total: 416 hits
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf