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Navigating within the planetary limits: A prospective life cycle environmental sustainability assessment in support of the energy transition in Swedish aviation
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Sustainable development, Environmental science and Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9403-3513
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Sustainable development
SDG 7: Affordable and clean energy, SDG 9: Industry, innovation and infrastructure, SDG 12: Responsible consumption and production, SDG 13: Climate action
Abstract [en]

On December 17, 1903, the Wright brothers made the first controlled and sustained flight in human history, marking the beginning of aviation development. Aviation has since revolutionized mobility, strengthened international networks, facilitated cross-border trade, fostered cultural exchanges, and in the process, reshaped global society and economy. Despite its social and economic benefits, aviation is notoriously known for its impacts on the environment, particularly climate change. In 2023, direct emissions from aviation accounted for approximately 2% of global greenhouse gas emissions, and without intervention, they are projected to increase by two to fivefold compared to 2023 levels by mid-century. 

To advance our knowledge of aviation sustainability and inform energy transition pathways, this thesis assesses the environmental sustainability of future air travel powered by alternative fuels and novel propulsion systems, using Sweden as a representative case. Due to its multi-dimensionality, aviation is conceptualized from a socio-technical system perspective, where the interplay between political, economic, social, technological, and ecological issues is considered. Using prospective life cycle assessment and absolute environmental sustainability assessment, the potential environmental performance of future air travel in Sweden is evaluated both in relative terms and from an absolute perspective. These different approaches seek to determine whether air travel supported by alternative fuels and novel propulsion technologies can offer environmental advantages over fossil kerosene, and if so, whether they can operate within the planetary limits.

The results suggest that while alternative fuels and novel propulsion systems can support air travel with a lower climate change impact than that of fossil kerosene, these travel alternatives may have a relatively higher potential to degrade the overall environment, demonstrating significant burden-shifting between environmental problems, across sectors, geographies, and time scales. When assessing future air travel in an absolute sense, the results indicate that the potential environmental impacts associated with Sweden’s projected air travel in 2050, even with advanced technologies, could overshoot the climate change and biodiversity loss thresholds by several orders of magnitude. 

Although this research is subject to uncertainties associated with data limitations, methodological choices, and future projections, its indicative insights help identify opportunities for bringing Swedish air travel to environmentally sustainable levels while ensuring aviation continues to fulfill its societal role. Policymakers and stakeholders are recommended to adopt a systemic approach to guiding the aviation energy transition. This includes setting integrated environmental targets based on planetary limits and aligning them across aviation and interconnected industries. Given that the life cycle environmental performance of air travel is increasingly linked to the development of interconnected industries, a broader transition across multiple sectors may be necessary. Achieving this would require coordinated governance to prevent burden-shifting, as well as cross-sector collaboration to strengthen knowledge building, skills development, and financial investment in critical shared infrastructure. Finally, alongside technological advancements, effective demand-side management represents a complementary strategy that can potentially support a sustainable energy transition in aviation. 

Abstract [sv]

Den moderna luftfartens historia började den 17:e December 1903, när  bröderna Wright genomförde världens första kontrollerade flygning. Sedan dess har utvecklingen inom flygindustrin tagit fart och i grunden förändrat hur människor rör sig, skapat globala nätverk, främjat handel över nationsgränser och möjliggjort kulturella utbyten. Dessa framsteg har haft en avgörande betydelse för samhällsutvecklingen och den globala ekonomin. Samtidigt är flygindustrin starkt förknippad med betydande utsläpp och påverkan på klimatet. År 2023 stod flyget för cirka två procent av de globala växthusgasutsläppen. Om inga kraftfulla åtgärder vidtas riskerar dessa utsläpp att öka med två till fem gånger till år 2050, jämfört med nivåerna 2023.

Den här avhandlingen syftar till att bedöma den potentiella miljöpåverkan av framtida flygresor, särskilt de som baseras på alternativa flygbränslen och nya framdrivningssystem, i syfte att bidra till kunskap och riktlinjer för en hållbar energiomställning inom flygsektorn. Sverige används som fallstudie. Eftersom luftfarten är ett komplext och tvärsektoriellt system krävs ett sociotekniskt perspektiv för att förstå dess utveckling. Inom ramen för studien har framtidsscenarier tagits fram, som belyser samspelet mellan politik, ekonomi, teknik, samhälle och ekologisk hållbarhet. Med hjälp av framtidsinriktade livscykelanalyser och bedömningar av absolut miljöhållbarhet utvärderas hur olika framtida flygscenarier i Sverige kan påverka miljön. Målet är att undersöka om, och i vilken grad framtidens svenska flygresande kan bli mer miljöanpassat än dagens fossilbränslebaserade alternativ, och om detta resande kan rymmas inom planetens gränser.

Resultaten visar att även om alternativa bränslen och ny teknik kan minska klimatpåverkan jämfört med fossilt flygbränsle, kan de samtidigt leda till ökad belastning inom andra miljöområden. Studien påvisar tydliga risker för problemförskjutning - mellan miljöaspekter, sektorer, geografiska regioner och tidsperioder. När framtida flygresande bedöms i relation till absoluta miljögränser, tyder resultaten på att Sveriges beräknade flygaktivitet år 2050, trots teknologiska framsteg, riskerar att överskrida flera av planetens gränser. Överskridandena kan vara betydande, särskilt vad gäller klimatpåverkan och förlust av biologisk mångfald.

Även om denna studie präglas av osäkerheter kopplade till begränsningar i data, metodval och framtidsantaganden, ger resultaten vägledande insikter som kan bidra till att identifiera möjligheter för att styra svensk flygtrafik mot en miljömässigt hållbar nivå - samtidigt som flygets samhällsroll bevaras. För att leda energiomställningen inom flyget rekommenderas beslutsfattare och andra relevanta aktörer att anta ett systemperspektiv. Det innebär bland annat att formulera samordnade miljömål baserade på planetens gränser, och att säkerställa att dessa mål är i linje med utvecklingen inom både flyget och andra närliggande sektorer. Eftersom flygets miljöprestanda i allt högre grad påverkas av förändringar inom dessa sektorer, kan en bredare omställning som sträcker sig över flera branscher vara nödvändig. En sådan omställning kräver samordnad styrning för att undvika att miljöbelastningar förskjuts, samt sektorsövergripande samarbete för att stärka kunskapsutveckling, kompetensförsörjning och investeringar i kritisk gemensam infrastruktur. Slutligen utgör efterfrågestyrning, vid sidan av teknologiska framsteg, en kompletterande strategi som kan stödja en hållbar energiomställning inom flyget.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. , p. 87
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2521
Keywords [en]
Socio-technical system, aviation energy transition, Prospective Life Cycle Assessment (pLCA), Absolute environmental sustainability assessment (AESA), rebound effects, air travel demand, Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF), liquid hydrogen, planetary limits
Keywords [sv]
Sociotekniska systemet, energiomställning inom luftfart, framtidsinriktade livscykelanalys, bedömningar av absolut miljöhållbarhet, rekyleffekten, efterfrågan på flygresor, hållbar flygfotogen, flytande väte, planetens gränser
National Category
Environmental Sciences
Research subject
Planning and Decision Analysis, Strategies for sustainable development
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-368101ISBN: 978-91-8106-341-7 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-368101DiVA, id: diva2:1987118
Public defence
2025-09-26, Gradängsalen, Room 5703, Teknikringen 1, KTH Campus, Public video conference link https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/61851386411, Stockholm, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Energy Agency, 400026
Note

QC 20250819

Available from: 2025-08-19 Created: 2025-08-05 Last updated: 2025-12-16Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Analysing the opportunities and challenges for mitigating the climate impact of aviation: A narrative review
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Analysing the opportunities and challenges for mitigating the climate impact of aviation: A narrative review
Show others...
2022 (English)In: Renewable & sustainable energy reviews, ISSN 1364-0321, E-ISSN 1879-0690, Vol. 156, p. 111972-111972, article id 111972Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Aviation accounts for approximately five percent of global greenhouse gas emissions through the combustion of fossil fuels. This paper analyses the opportunities and challenges of mitigation measures in limiting travel volume, energy and emission intensity to reduce the climate impact of aviation in Sweden. Several measures are in place that aim to reduce the climate impact of the aviation industry, ranging from regulations to technology alternatives to fossil-based jet fuel. These measures face several crosscutting challenges, many of which are of a socio-economic and political nature, and these aspects are often neglected in favour of focusing on technological solutions. The market creation for alternatives to fossil-based jet fuel is a major challenge, as most consumers today have a limited awareness of and willingness to pay for these innovations. Policy measures in place are proven ineffective in incentivising change. An understanding of the industry as a socio-technical system is required. The value of this review is its broader consideration of the pathways to reduce aviation's climate impact, offering new perspectives and pointing to areas for further research considering all components, their interactions and interdependence.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2022
Keywords
Aviation, Climate impact, Air travel, Emissions reduction, Policymaking
National Category
Energy Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-305820 (URN)10.1016/j.rser.2021.111972 (DOI)000784449100001 ()2-s2.0-85120447853 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Energy Agency, 50332-1Swedish Energy Agency
Note

QC 20220524

Available from: 2021-12-07 Created: 2021-12-07 Last updated: 2025-09-15Bibliographically approved
2. Employing a Socio-Technical System Approach in Prospective Life Cycle Assessment: A Case of Large-Scale Swedish Sustainable Aviation Fuels
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Employing a Socio-Technical System Approach in Prospective Life Cycle Assessment: A Case of Large-Scale Swedish Sustainable Aviation Fuels
2022 (English)In: Frontiers in Sustainability, E-ISSN 2673-4524, Vol. 3, article id 912676Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Ambitious fossil-free targets imposed on the aviation industry worldwide demand a large volumetric supply of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) to meet. Sweden's commitment to a 30% volume SAF blending target by 2030 attracts interest in local production. However, the sustainability of local production is largely unknown. Addressing this gap, we aim to explore potential SAF technology pathways and assess their environmental performances in Sweden. To do so, we utilize a socio-technical system (STS) approach for pathways selection and prospective life cycle assessment (LCA) for environmental impact assessment. As a result, we identify two lignocellulosic-based and two electrofuel-based pathways and evaluate their global warming potential, mineral depletion potential, ionizing radiation, land use, freshwater ecotoxicity and human toxicity impact in comparison to jet fuel. Our findings show that the well-to-wake global warming potential (100 years) of 30% SAF is on average 20% lower than that of jet fuel, with non-carbon dioxide species emitted in flight being the major contributors, prompting the need for urgent research efforts to mitigate their potential impacts. Under the assumption that no burdens are allocated to waste material used as feedstock, lignocellulosic-based 100% SAF has a well-to-pump climate impact (100 years) ranging from 0.6 to 1.5 g CO2−eq/MJ compared to jet fuel's 10.5 g CO2−eq/MJ. In contrast, the well-to-pump climate impact (100 years) of electrofuel-based 100% SAF (ranging from 7.8 to 8.2 g CO2−eq/MJ) is only marginally lower than that of jet fuel, mainly attributed to emissions from steel and concrete produced for wind turbine manufacturing. In general, the use of electricity generated by wind power could shift the potential environmental burden associated with jet fuel from global warming to mineral depletion, land use, freshwater ecotoxicity and human toxicity. The STS approach underscores the need to prioritize changes in systems underpinning SAF production, in turn supporting policy and investment decision making.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Frontiers Media SA, 2022
Keywords
biogenic carbon dioxide, black liquor, emerging technologies, Fischer-Tropsch (synthesis), forest residue, hydrogen, sustainability transition, well-to-wake analysis
National Category
Environmental Sciences Energy Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-328711 (URN)10.3389/frsus.2022.912676 (DOI)2-s2.0-85144335884 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20230613

Available from: 2023-06-13 Created: 2023-06-13 Last updated: 2025-08-05Bibliographically approved
3. Rethinking the sustainability of transitions: An illustrative case of burden-shifting and sociotechnical dynamics of aviation fuel in Sweden
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Rethinking the sustainability of transitions: An illustrative case of burden-shifting and sociotechnical dynamics of aviation fuel in Sweden
2024 (English)In: Energy Research & Social Science, ISSN 2214-6296, E-ISSN 2214-6326, Vol. 113, article id 103574Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The literature on socio-technical transitions has advanced our understanding of transitions toward sustainability but sometimes overlooks the sustainability consequences of such transitions. A case in point is the burden-shifting phenomenon, a consequence that can occur when efforts to minimize a problem in one context have unintended negative impacts on another. In this article, we adopt a life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology to quantitatively assess the burden-shifting potential of a transition case toward sustainable aviation fuel in Sweden. Our assessment demonstrates how an emerging sustainability transition can result in unintended spatiotemporal impacts, taking into account complex relationships between multiple socio-technical systems. By doing so, we provide an alternative way to study the sustainability of transitions, complementing the mainstream transition studies that have mostly studied the transitions toward sustainability. In addition, we propose collaborative research approaches, which introduce LCA methodology into transition studies, transcending disciplinary boundaries when engaging questions of environmental sustainability of ‘sustainability’ transitions.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2024
Keywords
Burden-shifting, Collaborative research approach, Life cycle assessment, Multi-system transitions, Sustainability of transitions
National Category
Other Social Sciences not elsewhere specified
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-346823 (URN)10.1016/j.erss.2024.103574 (DOI)001240760600001 ()2-s2.0-85192738309 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20240527

Available from: 2024-05-24 Created: 2024-05-24 Last updated: 2025-08-05Bibliographically approved
4. Prospective life cycle assessment of future Swedish hydrogen-powered aviation pathways
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Prospective life cycle assessment of future Swedish hydrogen-powered aviation pathways
2025 (English)In: Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, ISSN 1361-9209, E-ISSN 1879-2340, Vol. 146, p. 104887-, article id 104887Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Hydrogen-powered aviation is promoted as a low-carbon alternative for future long-distance air travel, but its broader environmental impacts remain unclear. This study evaluates the potential environmental impacts of six future air travel pathways in Sweden, including e-kerosene, liquid hydrogen, and fossil kerosene, using prospective life cycle assessment. Results show that hydrogen-powered aviation has lower global warming potential than fossil kerosene but higher impacts on other environmental issues, such as toxicity and land use. Key hotspots include resources in energy infrastructure and energy use in fuel production and airport operations, however, resource substitutions and energy efficiency improvements have limits. This study highlights the potential environmental benefits and tradeoffs of hydrogen-powered aviation, and also the dependency of aviation on other sectors. Further research should integrate technological innovations in long-distance air travel pathways with scenarios that account for demand-side measures, as well as regulatory, political, and economic barriers. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2025
Keywords
Aircraft, Airport, Energy demand, Fuel, Prospective life cycle assessment, Sweden, Air transportation, Artificial life, Civil aviation, Energy efficiency, Energy utilization, Environmental impact, Fighter aircraft, Global warming, Hydrogen, Hydrogen fuels, Life cycle, Life cycle assessment, Air travels, Energy demands, Environmental issues, Global warming potential, High impact, Liquid hydrogens, Low carbon, Prospectives, Swedishs, energy use, environmental impact assessment, life cycle analysis, Airports
National Category
Environmental Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-368095 (URN)10.1016/j.trd.2025.104887 (DOI)001521577500001 ()2-s2.0-105008776737 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20250812

Available from: 2025-08-04 Created: 2025-08-04 Last updated: 2025-10-03Bibliographically approved
5. Can hydrogen-powered air travel grow within the planetary limits?
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Can hydrogen-powered air travel grow within the planetary limits?
2025 (English)In: Sustainable Production and Consumption, ISSN 2352-5509, Vol. 59, p. 143-160Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Air travel demand is rising rapidly and the aviation sector is relying on technology to decouple environmental impacts from its growth. Using Sweden as a case study, we assessed the absolute environmental sustainability of medium-distance air travel in 2050, positioning the aviation sector's environmental impacts in relation to the planetary limits. We employed a novel framework that integrates prospective life cycle assessment and absolute environmental sustainability assessment methodologies. Our findings suggest that projected medium-distance air travel powered by e-kerosene or liquid hydrogen could have life cycle environmental impacts that overshoot global climate change and biodiversity loss thresholds by several orders of magnitude. Based on our case results for Sweden, for aviation to develop within the planetary limits, we recommend cross-sector collaboration to address environmental impacts from fossil-free energy supplies and the establishment of integrated targets that incorporate broader environmental issues. Given the unlikelihood of decoupling growth from environmental impacts, policymakers and the aviation sector should consider concurrently supporting technological development and implementing measures to manage air travel demand. © 2025 The Authors

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2025
Keywords
Absolute environmental sustainability assessment, Air travel demand, Biodiversity loss, Climate change, Hydrogen-based fuels, Prospective life cycle assessment, Air transportation, Civil aviation, Environmental impact, Environmental protection, Environmental technology, Hydrogen, Hydrogen fuels, Life cycle, Life cycle assessment, Sustainable development, Air travels, Environmental sustainability, Hydrogen-based fuel, Prospectives, Sustainability assessment, Travel demand, Biodiversity
National Category
Environmental Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-368999 (URN)10.1016/j.spc.2025.08.009 (DOI)001565875300001 ()2-s2.0-105013631378 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20250903

Available from: 2025-08-26 Created: 2025-08-26 Last updated: 2025-12-08Bibliographically approved

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Lai, Yat Yin

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