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Terahertz All-Dielectric Maxwell Fisheye Lens Waveguide Crossings via Transformation Optics
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Micro and Nanosystems.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7739-3178
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Micro and Nanosystems.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3339-9137
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Micro and Nanosystems.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1443-403X
2026 (English)In: Laser & Photonics Reviews, ISSN 1863-8880, Vol. 20, no 4, article id e01911Article in journal (Other academic) Published
Abstract [en]

Terahertz waveguide crossings are critical for compact, integrated signal routing in monolithic platforms, but simple waveguide intersections suffer from high losses and crosstalk due to mode mismatch in the regions where the waveguide channels overlap. The Maxwell fisheye lens with its inherent imaging properties is an excellent solution for multichannel intersections, however its circularshape is not easily integrated with common planar input/output waveguides. Here, we introduce all-silicon waveguide crossings basedon Maxwell fisheye lenses reshaped via conformal transformation optics for improved planar waveguide integration in the terahertzrange. Using effective medium techniques with subwavelength air inclusions, we design and fabricate 2 × 2 and 3 × 3 crossings operating over the 220-330 GHz frequency band. The transformed lenses enable aberration-free imaging without mode mismatch, implemented through a single deep reactive ion etching step. Experimental characterization reveals average insertion losses of 1.2 dB andcrosstalk below -50 dB for the fundamental quasi-TE mode, with a 40% bandwidth across the entire 220-330 GHz band, while thequasi-TM mode is also supported for dual-polarization applications. The transformed lenses have a diameter of just 4 mm (3.66λ0),while the total device footprint including input and output tapers is 11.5 × 11.5 mm2. This approach is scalable to N × N waveguidecrossings, providing a broadband and compact solution for low-loss terahertz integrated optics. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Wiley , 2026. Vol. 20, no 4, article id e01911
Keywords [en]
crossing; terahertz; transformation optics; waveguide
National Category
Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Research subject
Electrical Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-368274DOI: 10.1002/lpor.202501911ISI: 001595476500001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105019196557OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-368274DiVA, id: diva2:1988250
Note

QC 20260306

Available from: 2025-08-11 Created: 2025-08-11 Last updated: 2026-03-06Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Passive Terahertz Waveguide Elements: Loss Engineering and All-Dielectric Components for High-Frequency Applications
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Passive Terahertz Waveguide Elements: Loss Engineering and All-Dielectric Components for High-Frequency Applications
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The practical deployment of terahertz systems for future applications requires a comprehensive toolkit of high performance, compact passive components that overcome several limitations innate to terahertz waves. A primary challenge is minimizing attenuation in signal routing, a problem especially critical when terahertz power is scarce. At the same time, effective signal management and device characterization require components that can efficiently absorb power to minimize reflections and crosstalk. This thesis addresses both of these needs, presenting novel low-loss all-silicon devices for terahertz applications and introducing advanced loss engineering techniques to create highly effective integrated and free space absorbers.

The first part of this thesis introduces high performance, all-silicon passive devices fabricated using silicon micromachining techniques. A perforation-free, mechanically robust planar parabolic reflector antenna is presented utilizing slab optics and total internal reflection to achieve a flat gain response over a broad bandwidth of 220-330 GHz. Furthermore, a very low crosstalk waveguide crossing is demonstrated by applying transformation optics to a Maxwell fisheye lens. This approach resolves the fundamental mode mismatch problem inherent to conventional lens designs, enabling dense and complex terahertz circuit integration.

The second part focuses on lossy structures for both dielectric and metallic waveguides. For open dielectric waveguides, ultrathin single-walled carbon nanotube films are deposited to create compact, broadband and reflectionless terminations without altering the geometry of the guide, drastically attenuating the propagating waves over short distances by evanescent field interaction. For enclosed hollow metallic waveguides, integrated absorbers are developed using highly porous nanomaterials, including randomly oriented and aligned graphene-coated nanofibers, as well as carbon nanotube aerogels. Characterized using a novel multi-band measurement methodology, these materials demonstrate broadband stealth and shielding performance across a wide frequency range (67-500 GHz). The investigation is also extended to free-space applications, demonstrating a hierarchically porous carbon-silica composite as a low reflectivity absorber in 140-220 GHz.

Collectively, this thesis expands the component toolkit for terahertz integrated systems, providing practical and high performance solutions for waveguiding, radiation and termination that are crucial for the next generation of high-frequency applications.

Abstract [sv]

Den praktiska driftsättningen av terahertssystem för framtida tillämpningar kräver en heltäckande uppsättning högpresterande, kompakta passiva komponenter som övervinner flera begränsningar som är inneboende för terahertzvågor. En primär utmaning är att minimera dämpning i signalvägarna, särskilt kritiskt när tillgänglig terahertzkraft är knapp. Samtidigt kräver effektiv signalhantering och komponentkarakterisering lösningar som kan absorbera effekt på ett kontrollerat sätt för att minimera reflektioner och överhörning. Denna avhandling adresserar båda behoven: den presenterar nya lågdämpande helkiselbaserade komponenter för terahertztillämpningar och introducerar avancerade metoder för förluststyrning för att skapa mycket effektiva integrerade och fri-rum-absorbatorer.

I avhandlingens första del introduceras högpresterande, helkiselbaserade passiva komponenter framställda med kiselmikromaskinering. En perforationsfri, mekaniskt robust plan parabolisk reflektorantenn presenteras, som utnyttjar slab-optik och totalreflektion för att uppnå en jämn förstärkningsrespons över det breda bandet 220–330 GHz. Vidare demonstreras en vågledarkorsning med mycket låg överhörning genom att tillämpa transformationoptik på en Maxwell fisheye-lins. Detta angreppssätt löser det fundamentala modmisspassningsproblemet hos konventionella linsdesigner och möjliggör tät och komplex terahertzkrets-integrering.

Den andra delen fokuserar på förluststrukturer för både dielektriska och metalliska vågledare. För öppna dielektriska vågledare deponeras ultratunna filmer av enkelväggiga kolnanorör för att skapa kompakta, bredbandiga och i praktiken reflektionsfria terminer utan att ändra vågledarens geometri; de dämpar kraftigt den fortskridande vågen över korta sträckor genom interaktion med det avklingande fältet. För inkapslade ihåliga metallvågledare utvecklas integrerade absorbatorer baserade på högporösa nanomaterial, inklusive slumpmässigt orienterade och alignerade grafenbelagda nanofibrer samt aerogeler av kolnanorör. Med en ny multibandsmätmetodik karakteriseras dessa material och uppvisar bredbandiga stealth- och skärmningsegenskaper över ett stort frekvensområde (67–500 GHz). Studien utvidgas även till fri-rum-tillämpningar, där en hierarkiskt porös kol–silika-komposit demonstreras som en absorber med låg reflektivitet i 140–220 GHz.

Sammantaget utökar denna avhandling uppsättningen komponenter för integrerade terahertssystem och tillhandahåller praktiska och högpresterande lösningar för vågledning, strålning och terminering som är avgörande för nästa generations högfrekventa tillämpningar.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm, Sweden: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. p. 131
Series
TRITA-EECS-AVL ; 2026:2
Keywords
Terahertz, THz, all-dielectric waveguides, silicon, absorbers, graphene, carbon nanotubes, Maxwell fisheye lens, loss engineering
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering Nanotechnology for Electronic Applications Communication Systems
Research subject
Electrical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-373256 (URN)978-91-8106-467-4 (ISBN)
Public defence
2026-01-15, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/68506901226, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, Stockholm, 09:00 (English)
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Supervisors
Note

QC 20251126

Available from: 2025-11-26 Created: 2025-11-25 Last updated: 2025-12-09Bibliographically approved

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Xenidis, NikolaosOberhammer, JoachimLioubtchenko, Dmitry

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