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Performing legitimacy in electric aviation: The innovation journey of Heart Aerospace
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Industrial Economics and Management (Dept.), Sustainability, Industrial Dynamics & Entrepreneurship.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8923-1312
2025 (English)In: Energy Research & Social Science, ISSN 2214-6296, E-ISSN 2214-6326, Vol. 127, article id 104261Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The decarbonisation of aviation is a major challenge in the global pursuit of sustainability, with aircraft operations contributing around 3 % of global carbon dioxide emissions. Electric aviation offers a promising response, combining the potential for zero-emission flight with revitalised short-haul and regional markets through low-cost, point-to-point operations. However, its development faces major obstacles, including technological immaturity, infrastructural lock-ins, regulatory complexity, and uncertain consumer acceptance. In this context, legitimacy—the perceived appropriateness of an emerging technology within established social, institutional, and technical contexts—becomes a vital precondition. This paper examines how legitimacy is enacted through the interplay of discursive and material practices, conceptualised as sociomaterial legitimation. Drawing on a longitudinal case study of Heart Aerospace, a Swedish electric aircraft start-up, the analysis traces how narratives, artefacts, and actor-networks interact to build and maintain legitimacy over time. Using media analysis, participant observations, and documentary sources, the paper shows that legitimacy is not merely constructed through discourse but materially performed through prototypes, demonstrators, and choreographed public events. These findings advance an understanding of sociomaterial legitimation in sustainability transitions and offer practical insights for policymakers and industry actors working to support emerging technologies under conditions of uncertainty.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV , 2025. Vol. 127, article id 104261
Keywords [en]
Legitimacy, Performativity, Energy transitions, Materiality, Discourse
National Category
Science and Technology Studies
Research subject
Industrial Economics and Management
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-368351DOI: 10.1016/j.erss.2025.104261ISI: 001548978400015Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105012300703OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-368351DiVA, id: diva2:1988799
Funder
Swedish Energy Agency, 50332-1
Note

QC 20250813

Available from: 2025-08-13 Created: 2025-08-13 Last updated: 2025-09-15Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Transitions in-the-making: Towards a performative understanding of sustainability in Swedish aviation
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Transitions in-the-making: Towards a performative understanding of sustainability in Swedish aviation
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Research on sustainability transitions offers valuable insights into systemic change across societal systems like energy, mobility, and buildings. These systems, heavily reliant on fossil fuels, now face mounting climate consequences and require fundamental reconfigurations in their modes of production, distribution, and consumption. Yet much of the research field treats sustainability as a pre-existing, stable endpoint, often defined through fixed goals, metrics, or policy targets, which risks obscuring the inherently contested and political nature of sustainability itself.

In response, this thesis advances a performative understanding of sustainability, viewing it not as a fixed target but as continuously enacted, negotiated, and contested through discursive and material practices. Swedish aviation provides a compelling case to explore this perspective. Whilst celebrated for its environmental leadership, Sweden ranks amongst the highest globally for per capita aviation emissions, highlighting deep tensions between global connectivity and climate responsibility.

Drawing on four papers, the thesis examines how competing understandings of sustainability are enacted and contested through transition efforts in Swedish aviation. Paper I reviews mitigation strategies and policy developments. Papers II and III explore how industry actors perform sustainability through narratives and technological innovation. Paper IV analyses the discursive conflict between the aviation industry and the flight-free movement, revealing deeper struggles over what sustainability should mean and require.

This thesis offers an empirical account of two competing discourse-coalitions—Green flying and Staying on the ground. Each advances divergent visions, narratives, and practices that shape the trajectory of aviation’s transition. Conceptually and methodologically, it advances a performative, narrative-oriented approach that foregrounds the politics of meaning-making in transitions. This perspective highlights the complexity of sustainability transitions and calls for more reflexive, pluralistic, and open-ended forms of governance—holding space for disagreement, fostering experimentation, and acknowledging that transitions are ever in-the-making.

Abstract [sv]

Forskning om hållbarhetsomställningar erbjuder värdefulla insikter i systemförändringar inom samhällsområden såsom energi, mobilitet och byggnation. Dessa sektorer, som är starkt beroende av fossila bränslen, står nu inför växande klimatutmaningar. Sådana omställningar innebär i grunden att produktion, distribution och konsumtion omformas för att upprätthålla centrala samhällsfunktioner. Emellertid tenderar fältet ofta att betrakta hållbarhet som ett förutbestämt och stabilt slutmål, definierat genom fasta mål, indikatorer eller politiska riktmärken. Detta riskerar att dölja hållbarhetens inneboende politiska och omtvistade karaktär.

Denna avhandling utvecklar i stället en performativ förståelse av hållbarhet, där hållbarhet ses som något som ständigt iscensätts, förhandlas och bestrids genom diskursiva och materiella praktiker. Svenskt flyg utgör ett intressant fall för att undersöka detta perspektiv. Trots landets rykte som miljöföregångare har Sverige bland de högsta flygutsläppen per capita i världen, vilket blottlägger spänningar mellan global rörlighet och klimatansvar.

Baserat på fyra artiklar analyseras i avhandlingen hur olika förståelser av hållbarhet skapas och utmanas genom omställningsinsatser i svensk flygsektor. Den första artikeln granskar klimatstrategier och politiska ramverk. De två följande artiklarna utforskar hur branschaktörer gestaltar hållbarhet genom narrativ och teknikutveckling. Artikel fyra analyserar den diskursiva konflikten mellan flygindustrin och flygfrittrörelsen, vilket blottlägger djupare strider om vad hållbarhet bör innebära och kräva.

Avhandlingen presenterar en detaljerad empirisk analys av två diskurskoalitioner—Grönt flyg och Stanna på marken—som representerar motstridiga visioner, narrativ och praktiker som formar flygets omställning. Konceptuellt och metodologiskt bidrar avhandlingen med ett performativt och narrativt inriktat tillvägagångssätt som synliggör de politiska dimensionerna av meningsskapande i omställningsprocesser. Detta perspektiv framhäver komplexiteten i hållbarhetsomställningar och efterlyser mer reflexiva, pluralistiska och öppna styrformer—där utrymme ges för oenighet, experimenterande och ett erkännande av att omställningar alltid är i rörelse.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm, Sweden: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. p. 169
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2025:34
National Category
Science and Technology Studies
Research subject
Industrial Economics and Management
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-369846 (URN)978-91-8106-374-5 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-10-17, https://kth-se.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_Nam48OD4Q0edKJ40_-56uA, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 8, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Energy Agency, 50332-1
Available from: 2025-09-16 Created: 2025-09-15 Last updated: 2025-10-08Bibliographically approved

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Christley, Emily

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