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The Gender Equality Reserve (GER): Fiscal Incentives for Gender-Inclusive Capital Formation
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Industrial Economics and Management (Dept.), Accounting, finance, economics and organization (AFEO).ORCID iD: 0009-0002-0484-9274
2025 (English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This paper develops a theoretical framework for addressing underinvestment in gender-inclusive leadership through corporate tax policy. Drawing on optimal taxation theory, I introduce the Gender Equality Reserve (GER) -- a fiscal instrument that allows firms to deduct pre-tax investments in gender-focused organizational capital. A stylized neoclassical model demonstrates how informational frictions and externalities result in inefficiently low levels of inclusive governance. By reducing the effective cost of such investments, the GER partially internalizes their social returns and shifts firm behavior toward the social optimum. The mechanism provides both normative and efficiency-based justifications for policy design and is especially relevant for sectors undergoing institutional transformation, such as energy and technology. This analysis contributes to the literature on tax design and inclusive growth, and supports broader Sustainable Development Goals related to gender equality (SDG 5) and decent work (SDG 8).

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2025.
Keywords [en]
Optimal Taxation, Corporate Investment, Gender Equality, Tax Incentives, Human Capital, Firm Behavior
National Category
Economics
Research subject
Economics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-368383OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-368383DiVA, id: diva2:1989145
Note

QC 20250819

Available from: 2025-08-14 Created: 2025-08-14 Last updated: 2025-08-19Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Corporate Governance and Gender Diversity: Endogenous Preferences and Fiscal Policy Design
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Corporate Governance and Gender Diversity: Endogenous Preferences and Fiscal Policy Design
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Gender diversity in corporate governance has become an increasingly important focus of academic and policy interest. While significant strides have been made in the representation of women across various managerial roles, the corporate boardroom remains a domain where gender disparities continue to persist. 

This dissertation explores whether male board directors’ family dynamics -- particularly having daughters -- affect their professional decision-making processes, specifically in the appointment of female executives. Central to this inquiry, and examined empirically, is the question of whether such behavioral patterns are consistent with the rational assumptions of complete and transitive preferences that underpin classical economic theory and decision-making models.

The thesis spans four papers: the first two explore "the daughter effect" within the context of Swedish corporate governance, while the third examines these empirical findings from a theoretical perspective, drawing on both traditional economic and neuroeconomic frameworks.

In the fourth paper, I propose a tax-deductible policy incentive designed to encourage firms to increase and invest in female participation in top management. Drawing on principles of optimal taxation theory, I introduce the Gender Equality Reserve (GER), a fiscal incentive allowing firms to deduct pre-tax investments in gender-focused organizational capital. A stylized neoclassical model illustrates how informational frictions and externalities lead to suboptimal levels of inclusive governance. By lowering the effective cost of such investments, the GER partially internalizes their social benefits and incentivizes firm behavior to move toward the socially optimal level of gender diversity in leadership structures, all while preserving firms' organizational autonomy and decision-making independence.

Abstract [sv]

Könsdiversitet i företagsstyrning har blivit ett allt viktigare fokusområde. Även om betydande framsteg har gjorts när det gäller kvinnors representation i olika ledande roller, är företagsstyrelser fortfarande en domän där könsskillnader fortsätter att vara påtagliga. 

Denna avhandling undersöker sambandet mellan manliga styrelseledamöters familjedynamik, särskilt faderskap och att ha döttrar, och deras professionella beslutsfattande, med särskilt fokus utnämningen av kvinnliga chefer. Centralt för denna undersökning är frågan om hur dessa empiriska resultat stämmer överens med den rationella antagandet om fullständiga och transitiva preferenser, som ligger till grund för klassisk ekonomisk teori och fungerar som ett fundamentalt princip i modelleringen av beslutsfattande processer. 

Avhandlingen omfattar fyra artiklar: de två första utforskar dottereffekten inom ramen för svensk företagsstyrning, medan den tredje granskar dessa empiriska resultat från ett teoretiskt perspektiv, baserat på både traditionella ekonomiska och neuroekonomiska ramverk. I den fjärde artikeln föreslår jag ett skattemässigt incitament för att uppmuntra företag att öka och investera i kvinnlig representation på toppledningsnivå. Specifikt undersöks möjligheten att införa en jämställdhetsfond för att främja långsiktiga investeringar i human kapital och mångfald inom bolagsstyrning i Sverige.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. p. 182
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2025:33
Keywords
Corporate Governance, Board Composition, Gender Diversity, CEO Appointments, Decision-Making, Rational Choice, Behavioral Biases, Endogenous Preferences, Neuroeconomics, Behavioral Economics, Optimal Taxation, Corporate Investment, Gender Equality, Tax Incentives, Human Capital, Fiscal Policy Design, Gender Quotas, Executive Networks, Institutional Change, Bolagsstyrning, Styrelsesammansättning, Könsmässig mångfald, VD-utnämningar, Beslutsfattande, Rationellt val, Endogena preferenser, Neuroekonomi, Beteendeekonomi, Optimal beskattning, Bolagsinvestering, Jämställdhet, Skatteincitament, Humankapital, Finanspolitisk utformning, Exekutiva nätverk, Institutionell förändring
National Category
Economics
Research subject
Economics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-367522 (URN)978-91-8106-359-2 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-09-05, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26 & 28 / https://kth-se.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_hrkTSq7CTN692mCX20ZrGQ, Stockholm, 14:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-08-15 Created: 2025-08-05 Last updated: 2025-09-04Bibliographically approved

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Liljegren, Julia

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