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The Circularity of Rings: Chemical Recycling of Polyesters
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology, Polymer Technology. (Karin Odelius)ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3644-0839
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

To mitigate the generation of plastic waste, chemical recycling strategies and chemically recyclable polymers need to be developed. Equilibrium ring-opening polymerization (ROP) has emerged as a promising approach to recycle polymers due to the inherent ring – polymer equilibrium nature, facilitating ring-closing depolymerization of polymers to recyclable rings. This thesis delves into the associated thermodynamics of ROP to accelerate the development of closed loop chemical recycling to ring strategies.

To provide an alternative to experimental wet lab trial and error approaches, a computational model based on molecular dynamics was created to theoretically determine the thermodynamics of ROP for different monomers. The atomistic insight that the model provided, supported by experimental data and literature observations, led to a newly proposed understanding of the enthalpy and entropy of ROP. Particularly, the enthalpy of polymerization is hypothesized to contain an energy term that accounts for polymer conformations in addition to the already established ring-strain energy. Next, to enhance chemical recycling,thermodynamic terms that describe the full ring-chain equilibria (RCE)involving rings of different sizes was developed. The benefit of including all rings and RCE thermodynamics was exemplified through the efficient chemical recycling of polymers under conditions that are inconceivable using ROP equilibrium thermodynamics. The RCE was further studied using random walk statistics from which a method to calculate the involved equilibrium thermodynamics from theory was established. A drawback of RCE systems, is the necessity of active catalysts, which cause an abundance in backbiting reactions. Such side reactions make it hard to control the architecture of copolymers. To provide the necessary conditions to create block, tapered, or random copolymers at will, despite abundant backbiting, an equation based on polymerization kinetics was derived. The equation was validated experimentally and copolymers of various copolymer architectures were synthesized accordingly. The theories developed in this thesis may assist in the understanding of ROP and technological advancement for chemical recycling.

Abstract [sv]

För att minska mängden plastavfall som genereras och lagras, behöver kemisktåtervinningsbara polymerer och återvinningsstrategier utvecklas. Ringöppningspolymerisation, som är en jämviktsreaktion, har identifierats som en lovande metod för kemisk återvinning av polymerer. Detta beror på den jämvikt som uppstår mellan monomer/cykliska strukturer och polymer, vilken möjliggör effektiva ringslutningsreaktioner. Denna avhandling undersöker termodynamiken som är kopplad till ringöppningspolymerisation i syfte att främja utvecklingen av strategier för kemisk återvinning till monomer och andra cykliska strukturer.

För att minska behovet av experimentellt arbete utvecklades en beräkningsmodell baserad på molekyldynamiksimuleringar, för att teoretiskt bestämma termodynamiken för ringöppningspolymerisation av olika monomerer. Modellen, tillsammans med experimentellt framtagna data och litteraturvärden, gav atomistisk insikt och ledde därmed till en ny förståelse av entalpi och entropibegreppen i ringöppningspolymerisation. Framförallt klargjordes det att polymerisationsentalpin inkluderar ett energibidrag från polymera konformationer, utöver den kända ringspänningsenergin. För att öka möjligheten till kemisk återvinningen utvecklades också en utökad termodynamisk beskrivning av ring-kedja-jämvikter (RCE) där ringar större än monomer inkluderades. Fördelarna av detta tillvägagångssätt framgår av den effektiva kemiska återvinningen av polymerer under förhållanden som konventionell termodynamik inte kan beskriva. RCE analyserades vidare med hjälp av slumpvandringsmodeller och en teoretisk metod för att beräkna jämviktsparametrar etablerades. En nackdel med RCE-system är behovet av aktiva katalysatorer som ofta leder till ”backbiting”-reaktioner, och därmed svårigheter i att kontrollera arkitekturen hos sampolymererna. För att möjliggöra kontrollerad syntes av block-, gradient- eller slumpmässiga sampolymerer trots detta, härleddes en ekvation baserad påpolymerisationskinetik, som validerades experimentellt och dess parametrar användes för att framställa sampolymerer med fördefinierade arkitekturer. Förhoppningen är att de teorier som utvecklats i denna avhandling kan bidra till förståelsen av ringöppningspolymerisation och tekniska framsteg inom kemiskåtervinning.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. , p. 70
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2025:25
Keywords [en]
Ring-opening Polymerization, Thermodynamics, Chemical recycling to monomer, Polyester, Ring-chain equilibria, Copolymer
Keywords [sv]
Ringöppning, Polymerisation, Jämvikt, Termodynamik, Polyester, Kemisk återvinning till monomer, Ring-kedja-jämvikter, Sampolymer
National Category
Polymer Chemistry Physical Chemistry Theoretical Chemistry
Research subject
Fibre and Polymer Science
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-369257ISBN: 978-91-8106-382-0 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-369257DiVA, id: diva2:1993983
Public defence
2025-10-10, F3 (Flodis), https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/63931291702, Lindstedtsvägen 26 & 28, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Research Council, 2020-03455
Note

QC 20250912

Available from: 2025-09-12 Created: 2025-09-01 Last updated: 2025-12-17Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Predicting Chemical Recyclability Thermodynamics via Molecular Simulations
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Predicting Chemical Recyclability Thermodynamics via Molecular Simulations
2024 (English)In: Macromolecules, ISSN 0024-9297, E-ISSN 1520-5835, Vol. 57, no 20, p. 9546-9554Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Designing the next generation of circular plastics can contribute to preventing environmental pollution and the loss of embedded value. In light of this, assessing the thermodynamic parameters, i.e., the polymerization enthalpy (ΔH<inf>p</inf>) and entropy (ΔS<inf>p</inf>) of ring-opening polymerization, is becoming increasingly important as these directly connect to the chemical recyclability of polymers. However, determining the thermodynamics currently requires the synthesis of each monomer and polymer structure, consuming large amounts of time and chemicals, making it unfeasible to screen a myriad of different structures to find polymers with optimal properties and recyclability. In silico methods could mitigate these issues and drastically increase the rate at which new recyclable plastics can be developed. We demonstrate how the collision frequency between the reactive groups in polymers and monomers, derived from nonreactive (i.e., no chemical changes) molecular dynamics simulations, can be used for the simultaneous computation of ΔH<inf>p</inf> and ΔS<inf>p</inf> with respective 3.5 kJ mol<sup>-1</sup> and 6.7 J mol<sup>-1</sup> K<sup>-1</sup> average deviation from experimental data.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Chemical Society (ACS), 2024
National Category
Polymer Chemistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-366362 (URN)10.1021/acs.macromol.4c01469 (DOI)001331389700001 ()2-s2.0-85205943850 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Research Council, 2020-03455
Note

QC 20250707

Available from: 2025-07-07 Created: 2025-07-07 Last updated: 2025-09-01Bibliographically approved
2. More than Ring-Strain: Revisiting the Definition of Enthalpy in Ring-Opening Polymerization
Open this publication in new window or tab >>More than Ring-Strain: Revisiting the Definition of Enthalpy in Ring-Opening Polymerization
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Polymer Chemistry Physical Chemistry Theoretical Chemistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-369077 (URN)
Note

QC 20250827

Available from: 2025-08-26 Created: 2025-08-26 Last updated: 2025-09-01Bibliographically approved
3. Improving Circularity via Chemical Recycling to all Rings
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Improving Circularity via Chemical Recycling to all Rings
2025 (English)In: Angewandte Chemie International Edition, ISSN 1433-7851, E-ISSN 1521-3773, Vol. 64, no 19Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Aliphatic polyesters synthesized via ring-opening polymerization (ROP) have properties competitive to incumbent plastic (PE, PP), while simultaneously opening up for chemical recycling to monomer (CRM). However, not all aliphatic polyesters are prone to undergo CRM, and the ability to shift the equilibrium between polymer and monomer is tightly associated with the initial monomer structure. The standard strategy to measure CRM is to evaluate the change in free energy during polymerization (triangle GROP). However, triangle GROP is only one-dimensional by assessing the equilibrium between initial monomer and polymer. But under active catalytic conditions, the depolymerization of polymers can lead to formation of larger rings, such as dimers, trimers, tetramers, and so on, via the ring-chain equilibrium (RCE), meaning that the real thermodynamic recycling landscape is multi-dimensional. This work introduces a multi-dimensional chemical recycling to all rings (CRR) via a highly active catalytic system to reach RCE. Thermodynamically triangle GRCE is completely different from triangle GROP. Using triangle GRCE instead of triangle GROP allows us to achieve CRR for polymers notoriously difficult to achieve CRM for, as exemplified within by CRR for poly(epsilon-caprolactone), poly(pentadecalactone), and mixed polymer systems. Overall, this work provides a new general concept of closing the material loop.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Wiley, 2025
Keywords
Equilibrium, Recyclable polyester, Recycling, Ring-opening polymerization, Thermodynamics
National Category
Polymer Chemistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-362826 (URN)10.1002/anie.202502436 (DOI)001449291400001 ()40017097 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-105000540403 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Research Council, 2020–03455
Note

QC 20250428

Available from: 2025-04-28 Created: 2025-04-28 Last updated: 2025-09-01Bibliographically approved
4. Chemical Recyclability of (Co)polymers via the Ring–Chain Equilibria: A Mathematical Approach
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Chemical Recyclability of (Co)polymers via the Ring–Chain Equilibria: A Mathematical Approach
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Polymer Chemistry Physical Chemistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-369082 (URN)
Note

QC 20250827

Available from: 2025-08-27 Created: 2025-08-27 Last updated: 2025-09-01Bibliographically approved
5. Predicting Copolymer Sequence in Ring-Opening Polymerization through Directed Backbiting
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Predicting Copolymer Sequence in Ring-Opening Polymerization through Directed Backbiting
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Polymer Chemistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-369083 (URN)
Note

QC 20250827

Available from: 2025-08-27 Created: 2025-08-27 Last updated: 2025-09-01Bibliographically approved
6. Mastering Macromolecular Architecture by Controlling Backbiting Kinetics during Anionic Ring-Opening Polymerization
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Mastering Macromolecular Architecture by Controlling Backbiting Kinetics during Anionic Ring-Opening Polymerization
2024 (English)In: Macromolecules, ISSN 0024-9297, E-ISSN 1520-5835, Vol. 57, no 7, p. 3397-3406Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Defined macromolecular architecture using anionic ring-opening copolymerization (ROcP) of lactones and cyclic carbonates offers facile routes toward copolymers with unique material properties, ranging from thermoplastic to elastomeric. However, monomers with a slow ROP rate are hampered by competing backbiting reactions, scrambling the macromolecular sequence, and, thereby, a loss of material properties occurs. We here solve this issue by controlling the rate of backbiting. Through our approach, we show how block structures previously inaccessible can be synthesized from monomers with vastly different ROP rates, covering small lactones and even including macrolactones. This control can also be extended beyond block structures to include random and gradient architectures by tuning monomer concentration to the relative ROP and backbiting rate.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Chemical Society (ACS), 2024
National Category
Polymer Chemistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-367014 (URN)10.1021/acs.macromol.3c02477 (DOI)001188355700001 ()2-s2.0-85188466385 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Research Council, 2020-03455
Note

QC 20250714

Available from: 2025-07-14 Created: 2025-07-14 Last updated: 2025-09-01Bibliographically approved

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