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Sheathless Elasto-Inertial Focusing of Sub-25 Nm Particles in Straight Microchannels
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Protein Science, Nano Biotechnology. KTH, Centres, Science for Life Laboratory, SciLifeLab. Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, 171 77, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6856-0368
KTH, Centres, Science for Life Laboratory, SciLifeLab. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Protein Science, Nano Biotechnology. Division of Microsystems Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 752 37, Sweden.
KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics. (FLOW)ORCID iD: 0009-0002-4882-7114
Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, 171 77, Sweden.
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2025 (English)In: Small, ISSN 1613-6810, E-ISSN 1613-6829, Vol. 21, no 33Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Nanoscale biological particles, such as lipoproteins (10–80 nm) or extracellular vesicles (30–200 nm), play pivotal roles in health and disease, including conditions like cardiovascular disorders and cancer. Their effective analysis is crucial for applications in diagnostics, quality control, and nanomedicine development. While elasto-inertial focusing offers a powerful method to manipulate particles without external fields, achieving consistent focusing of nanoparticles (<500 nm) has remained a challenge. In this study, elasto-inertial focusing of nanoparticles as small as 25 nm is experimentally demonstrated using straight high-aspect-ratio microchannels in a sheathless flow. Systematic investigations reveal the influence of channel width, particle size, viscoelastic concentration, and flow rate on focusing behavior. Additionally, through numerical simulations and experimental validation, insights are provided into particle migration dynamics and viscoelastic forces governing nanoparticle focusing. Finally, biological particles, including liposomes (90–140 nm), extracellular vesicles (100 nm), and lipoproteins (10–25 nm) is successfully focused, under optimized conditions, showcasing potential applications in medical diagnostics and targeted drug delivery. These findings mark a significant advancement toward size-based high-resolution particle separation, with implications for biomedicine and environmental sciences.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Wiley , 2025. Vol. 21, no 33
Keywords [en]
elasto-inertial microfluidics, extracellular vesicles, liposomes, nanoparticle focusing, viscoelasticity
National Category
Cell and Molecular Biology Fluid Mechanics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-368812DOI: 10.1002/smll.202503369ISI: 001514285600001PubMedID: 40556517Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105009275145OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-368812DiVA, id: diva2:1994398
Note

QC 20250902

Available from: 2025-09-02 Created: 2025-09-02 Last updated: 2026-02-03Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Numerical study of particle suspensions in non-Newtonian fluids
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Numerical study of particle suspensions in non-Newtonian fluids
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Elastoviscoplastic (EVP) fluids are ubiquitous in nature and engineering, appearing in biological systems such as blood flow and the cell cytoskeleton, as well as in geophysical phenomena like avalanches and mudslides. They also play a central role in applications ranging from the transport of waxy crude oil to additive manufacturing and drug delivery in the human body. A defining characteristic of these materials is the presence of a critical yield stress, below which the material behaves as a viscoelastic solid and above which it flows like a liquid. Many EVP fluids also contain additional phases, such as rigid particles, whose interactions significantly influence the flow dynamics. Predicting these flows requires understanding how the non-Newtonian properties of the carrier fluid influence particle distribution, how particles modify the surrounding flow field, and how particle–fluid interactions determine the overall behaviour of the suspension. The aim of this work is therefore to advance the physical understanding of multiphase flow dynamics by developing and employing high-fidelity numerical simulations to study the individual and collective behaviour of finite-size particles in EVP carrier fluids.

The results demonstrate the strong influence of particle shape and fluid rheology on suspension behaviour. For instance, EVP suspensions can exhibit significant drag reduction compared with Newtonian suspensions of the same viscosity. Particles are also shown to migrate across streamlines in ways that depend on both their shape and the non-Newtonian properties of the fluid. The simulations of EVP suspensions are validated against available experimental measurements of finite-size spherical particles in Carbopol duct flows. Additional simulations of droplet-laden EVP turbulent flows reveal that elasticity and yield stress of the carrier fluid strongly influence morphology, size, and spatial distribution of the dispersed droplets. Moreover, numerical simulations and microfluidics experiments show that adjusting channel geometry and fluid elasticity can achieve precise particle focusing at the centre of microchannels. Finally, an efficient immersed boundary method is developed to model viscoelastic flow around static boundaries, improving the accuracy of stress computations near the solid boundaries. 

Abstract [sv]

Elastoviskoplastiska (EVP) fluider finns överallt i naturen och inom tekniken. De förekommer i biologiska system såsom blod och cellens cytoskelett, liksom i geofysiska fenomen såsom laviner och jordskred. De spelar också en central roll i många tillämpningar, från transport av vaxhaltig råolja till additiv tillverkning och tillförsel av läkemedel i människokroppen. En kännetecknande egenskap hos dessa material är förekomsten av en kritisk flytspänning, under vilken materialet uppträder som ett viskoelastiskt fast ämne och över vilken det flyter som en vätska.Många EVP fluider innehåller dessutom ytterligare faser, såsom stela partiklar, vars interaktioner har stor påverkan på flödesdynamiken. För att kunna förutsäga dessa flöden krävs förståelse för hur bärarefluidens icke-Newtoniska egenskaper påverkar partikelns fördelning, hur partiklarna förändrar det omgivande flödesfältet och hur partikel–fluidinteraktioner bestämmer suspensionens övergripande beteende. Syftet med detta arbete är därför att fördjupa den fysikaliska förståelsen av flerfasflöden genom att utveckla och använda högupplösta numeriska simuleringar för att studera det individuella och kollektiva beteendet hos olika partikelstorlekar i EVP bärarefluider.

Resultaten visar på den starka påverkan som partiklarnas form och fluidens reologi har på suspensionens beteende. Till exempel, kan EVP suspensioner uppvisa betydande motståndsminskning jämfört med Newtonska suspensioner med samma viskositet. Partiklarna förflyttar sig mellan strömlinjerna beroende av både deras form och fluidens icke-Newtoniska egenskaper. Simuleringarna av EVP suspensioner valideras mot tillgängliga experimentella mätningar av sfäriska partiklar av ändlig storlek i kanalströmning av Carbopol. Ytterligare simuleringar av droppar spridda i turbulenta EVP flöden visar att bärarevätskans elasticitet och flytspänning starkt påverkar morfologin, storleken och rumsfördelningen av dropparna. Dessutom visar numeriska simuleringar och mikrofluidikexperiment att en justering av kanalgeometrin och vätskans elasticitet kan få partiklarna att fokusera precis i mitten av mikrokanalen. Slutligen utvecklas en effektiv `immersed boundary' metod för att modellera viskoelastiskt flöde runt fasta gränser, vilket förbättrar noggrannheten i beräkningen av spänningar nära de solida ytorna.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm, Sweden: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2026
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2025:77
Keywords
non-Newtonian fluids, multiphase flows, particle suspensions, microfluidics, non-spherical particles, elastoviscoplastic fluids, droplets, icke-Newtonska fluider, flerfasflöden, partikelsuspensioner, mikrofluidik, icke-sfäriska partiklar, elastoviskoplastiska fluider, droppar
National Category
Fluid Mechanics
Research subject
Engineering Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-376322 (URN)978-91-8106-504-6 (ISBN)978-91-8106-504-6 (ISBN)
Public defence
2026-02-27, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 8, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/68341041651, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
EU, European Research Council, ERC-StG-2019-852529EU, Horizon 2020, 955605 YIELDGAP
Note

QC 260204

Available from: 2026-02-04 Created: 2026-02-03 Last updated: 2026-02-10Bibliographically approved

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Tanriverdi, SelimCruz, JavierHabibi, ShahriarCosta, MartimMårtensson, GustafBrandt, LucaTammisola, OutiRussom, Aman

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