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Spectral Control and Topological Beam Synthesis in Second-order Downconversion Processes
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics, Light and Matter Physics.
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The terahertz (THz) spectral region is gaining increasing relevance for applications in high-capacity wireless communications, advanced spectroscopy, security screening, and next-generation charged particle accelerators. Nonlinear optical techniques offer a versatile and powerful route to generating THz radiation, either through direct generation by optical rectification (OR) or via difference frequency generation (DFG) from mid-infrared (mid-IR) sources. This thesis addresses key challenges in accessing and controlling radiation with two primary nonlinear optical mechanisms: the development of narrowband, tunable mid-IR sources using optical parametric oscillation (OPO), and the generation and spatiotemporal characterization of structured THz wave packets using OR. 

A power-scalable OPO based on type-II quasi-phase matched Periodically Poled Potassium Titanyl Phosphate (PPKTP), pumped at 1.06 $\upmu$m is investigated. The system achieves precision tunability in the 2 $\upmu$m region with narrow linewidth, strong thermal robustness, and excellent spectral control, that is suitable for applications such as greenhouse gas (GHG) sensing and quantum photonics. The material properties and crystal design parameters are presented to enable accurate targeting of molecular absorption lines. Importantly, due to the narrowband and scalable nature, this mid-IR source is also promising for driving efficient nonlinear frequency conversion into the THz regime via DFG.

The generation of complex few-cycle THz wave packets with vector and scalar field singularities were also explored. A novel approach based on OR along the three-fold symmetry axis of zinc blende crystals enables the direct generation of THz vortex beams carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM). This scheme further allows full control over vector THz beams through a dual-pump configuration, enabling access to the entire higher order Poincaré (HOP) sphere. A comprehensive theoretical framework is developed to describe this nonlinear electric field synthesis. Furthermore, a polarization-resolved time-domain electro-optic sampling technique is experimentally implemented for synthesis and full (2+1)D mapping of the THz electric field amplitude and phase, enabling detailed analysis of structured light propagation. The technique paves the way for THz hyperspectral and vector field imaging. 

This work highlights the versatility of nonlinear optics for spectral control and structured light generation in mid-IR and THz regions and lays a foundation for compact, tunable, and high-performance photonic sources tailored for advanced photonic applications.

Abstract [sv]

Terahertzområdet (THz) i det elektromagnetiska spektrumet blir alltmer relevant för tillämpningar inom trådlös  högkapacitetskommunikation, avancerad spektroskopi, säkerhetsskanning och nästa generations acceleratorer för laddade partiklar. Icke-linjära optiska tekniker erbjuder en mångsidig och kraftfull väg till generering av THz-strålning, antingen genom direkt generering via optiskrektifikation (OR) eller genom differensfrekvensgenerering (DFG) från mellan-infraröda (mellan-IR) lasrar. Denna avhandling behandlar centrala utmaningar vid generering och kontroll av strålning med hjälp av två primära icke-linjära optiska mekanismer: Utveckling av smalbandiga, avstämbara mellan-IR-källor med optisk parametrisk oscillation (OPO), samt generering och rum-tid-upplöst karakterisering av strukturerade THz-vågpaket med användning av OR.

En OPO, skalbar i effekt, baserad på typ-II fasmatchad periodiskt polade kaliumtitanylfosfat (PPKTP), pumpad vid 1.06 $\upmu$m, undersöks. Systemet uppnår precis avstämbarhet i 2 $\upmu$m-området med smal linjebredd, hög termisk stabilitet och utmärkt spektral kontroll, vilket gör det lämpligt för tillämpningar som växthusgasdetektion (GHG) och kvantfotonik. En detaljerad analys av materialegenskaper och kristalldesignparametrar presenteras för att möjliggöra noggrann inriktning mot molekylära absorptionslinjer. Tack vare smalbandigheten och skalbarheten är denna mid-IR-källa också lovande för att genomföra effektiv ickelinjär frekvensomvandling till THz-området via DFG.

Genereringen av komplexa fåcykliga THz-vågpaket med vektor- och skalärfältsingulariteter undersöks också. En ny metod, baserad på OR längs den trefaldiga symmetriaxeln i zinkbländekristaller, möjliggör direkt generering av THz-vortexstrålar som bär orbitalt rörelsemängdsmoment (OAM). Detta tillvägagångssätt möjliggör dessutom full kontroll över vektor-THz-strålar genom en dubbelpumpkonfiguration, vilket ger tillgång till hela den högre ordningens Poincarésfär (HOP). En omfattande teoretisk modell utvecklas för att beskriva denna icke-linjära elektriska fältsyntes. Vidare implementeras en polariseringsupplöst elektrooptisk samplingsmetod i tidsdomänen experimentellt för syntes och fullständig (2+1)D-kartläggning av amplitud och fas i det THz-elektriska fältet, vilket möjliggör en detaljerad analys av strukturerat ljus. Metoden banar väg för hyperspektral- och vektorfältsavbildning i THz-området.

Detta arbete lyfter fram mångsidigheten hos icke-linjär optik för spektral kontroll och generering av strukturerat ljus i mellan-IR- och THz-områdena, och lägger grunden för kompakta, avstämbara och högpresterande ljuskällor anpassade för avancerade fotoniktillämpningar.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. , p. 110
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2025:36
Keywords [en]
Nonlinear optics, Terahertz, Mid-Infrared, Vortex, OPO, OR
Keywords [sv]
Icke-linj¨ar optik, Terahertz, Mellersta infrar¨ott, Vortex, OPO, OR
National Category
Atom and Molecular Physics and Optics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-369340ISBN: 978-91-8106-366-0 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-369340DiVA, id: diva2:1994422
Public defence
2025-09-26, Pärlan, Albanovägen 26, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 2025-09-12

Available from: 2025-09-12 Created: 2025-09-02 Last updated: 2025-09-17Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Type-II PPRKTP optical parametric oscillators in the 2 μm spectral range
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Type-II PPRKTP optical parametric oscillators in the 2 μm spectral range
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2022 (English)In: Journal of the Optical Society of America. B, Optical physics, ISSN 0740-3224, E-ISSN 1520-8540, Vol. 39, no 12, p. A36-A43Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

We experimentally explored the design parameter space for periodically poled Rb : KTiOPO4 (PPRKTP) struc-tures in type-II optical parametric oscillators (OPOs) pumped at 1.064 mu m and operating in the 1.8-2.5 mu m range. This study identifies a set of Sellmeier expansions and thermooptic coefficients that can be used to accurately design the type-II PPRKTP structures in this spectral range. The performance of this OPO regime is investigated by employing different periodicities of PPRKTP, and the effective nonlinear coefficient is determined. Output at the mJ level with a bandwidth of better than 10 MHz is readily generated without optical damage. The temperature tuning rate of about 8 GHz/K of the central OPO frequency is substantially lower than in similar periodically poled lithium niobate devices and can be exploited for precise frequency tuning and easier thermal stabilization. The stimulated backward polariton scattering in the OPO cavities is also investigated and discussed.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Optica Publishing Group, 2022
National Category
Atom and Molecular Physics and Optics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-323574 (URN)10.1364/JOSAB.465693 (DOI)000906744400008 ()2-s2.0-85145436448 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20230207

Available from: 2023-02-07 Created: 2023-02-07 Last updated: 2025-09-02Bibliographically approved
2. Generation of THz vector and scalar vortex beams by optical rectification along threefold symmetry axis in zinc blende crystals
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Generation of THz vector and scalar vortex beams by optical rectification along threefold symmetry axis in zinc blende crystals
2025 (English)In: APL Photonics, E-ISSN 2378-0967, Vol. 10, no 4, article id 046101Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Synthesis of THz frequency fields with generalized orbital angular momentum, the so called higher-order Poincaré beams are of interest to future communications systems and charged particle accelerators. We propose and demonstrate a route to generate and manipulate THz vector and scalar vortex beams using optical rectification by exploiting the threefold symmetry of the second-order susceptibility in zinc-blende crystals. In particular, we show that by shaping the pump beam using an S-waveplate, the order of the generalized angular momentum is doubled in the process of optical rectification. Moreover, we show that the generated THz vector vortex beam can be decomposed into two scalar vortex beams with opposite signs of angular momentum states. We show that the phases of these orthogonal states can be manipulated by simply tailoring the polarization state of the pump.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
AIP Publishing, 2025
National Category
Subatomic Physics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-362244 (URN)10.1063/5.0254769 (DOI)001458020700002 ()2-s2.0-105001664688 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20250414

Available from: 2025-04-09 Created: 2025-04-09 Last updated: 2025-09-02Bibliographically approved
3. Synthesis of higher-order Poincaré sphere THz beams
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Synthesis of higher-order Poincaré sphere THz beams
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Atom and Molecular Physics and Optics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-369333 (URN)
Note

QC 20250923

Available from: 2025-09-02 Created: 2025-09-02 Last updated: 2025-09-23Bibliographically approved
4. THz vortex wave packet with spatial-spectral coupling
Open this publication in new window or tab >>THz vortex wave packet with spatial-spectral coupling
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Atom and Molecular Physics and Optics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-369334 (URN)
Note

QC 20250923

Available from: 2025-09-02 Created: 2025-09-02 Last updated: 2025-09-23Bibliographically approved

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