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A numerical investigation of airfoil tonal noise reduction by roughness elements
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics. (FLOW)ORCID iD: 0009-0006-0274-3408
Divisão de Engenharia Aeronáutica, Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, São José dos Campos, Brazil.
Divisão de Engenharia Aeronáutica, Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, São José dos Campos, Brazil.
Divisão de Engenharia Aeronáutica, Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, São José dos Campos, Brazil.
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2025 (English)In: Journal of Fluid Mechanics, ISSN 0022-1120, E-ISSN 1469-7645, Vol. 1015, article id A11Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In a combined experimental and numerical effort, we investigate the generation and reduction of airfoil tonal noise. The means of noise control are streak generators in the form of cylindrical roughness elements. These elements are placed periodically along the span of the airfoil at the mid-chord streamwise position. Experiments are performed for a wide range of Reynolds numbers and angles of attack in a companion work (Alva et al., AIAA Aviation Forum, 2023). In the present work, we concentrate on numerical investigations for a further investigation of selected cases. We have performed wall-resolved large-eddy simulations for a NACA 0012 airfoil at zero angle of attack and Mach 0.3. Two Reynolds numbers (0.8 × 105 and 1.0 × 105) have been investigated, showing acoustic results consistent with experiments at the same Reynolds but lower Mach numbers. Roughness elements attenuate tones in the acoustic field and, for the higher Reynolds number, suppress them. Through Fourier decomposition and spectral proper orthogonal decomposition analysis of streamwise velocity data, dominating structures have been identified. Further, the coupling between the structures generated by the surface roughness and the instability modes (Kelvin–Helmholtz) of the shear layer has been identified through stability analysis, suggesting stabilisation mechanisms by which the sound generation by the airfoil is reduced by the roughness elements.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Cambridge University Press (CUP) , 2025. Vol. 1015, article id A11
Keywords [en]
aeroacoustics, noise control
National Category
Fluid Mechanics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-369029DOI: 10.1017/jfm.2025.10321ISI: 001531683400001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105011408313OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-369029DiVA, id: diva2:1995912
Note

QC 20250911

Available from: 2025-09-08 Created: 2025-09-08 Last updated: 2026-02-09Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Studies on trailing edge and impinging jet noise
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Studies on trailing edge and impinging jet noise
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

 Aeroacoustics is a long-standing and active research field of critical importance to a wide range of engineering applications. Typical examples include noise generated by jet engines, airfoils on aircraft, and blades of wind turbines, all of which contribute significantly to environmental noise pollution and pose design constraints in the development of quieter and more efficient vehicles. Among various aeroacoustic problems, trailing edge noise and impinging jet noise problems are concerned in this thesis. Though two topics have been actively investigated for over 80 years, significant challenges remain. The present thesis aims to contribute to the fundamental understanding of these noise mechanisms, and ultimately to predict, model and  control the noise generation.

For the trailing edge tonal noise problem at the low to moderate Reynolds numbers, a resolvent based framework is proposed to model the coherent structures that correlated to the farfield acoustics. Then by placing the cylindrical roughness elements to the mid-chord of airfoils, streaks are generated to control the growth of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities, which weakens one leg of the feedback loop and leads to tonal noise reduction. 

With increasing turbulence intensity in the flow passing over the trailing edge, broadband noise becomes a dominant acoustic concern.  To model the underlying wavepacket structures responsible for this broadband radiation, a reduced-order model based on Spectral Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (SPOD) is employed. The resulting wavepacket source model captures the dominant coherent structures in the turbulent boundary layer and is shown to satisfy the Amiet scattering condition, which provides a framework for predicting farfield sound.

In the impinging jet problem, the tonal-noise generation mechanism and the role of the turbulent boundary layer in noise radiation are investigated. Using both local and global linear stability frameworks, we identify the dominant waves involved in the feedback mechanism and elucidate the frequency selection process. This framework provides an accurate tool for predicting tonal-noise frequencies directly from a meanflow field. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the turbulent boundary layer provides essential conditions for sustaining the resonance, with the reflection coefficient between upstream- and downstream-propagating waves playing a central role in establishing the global instabilities.

Throughout this thesis, a combination of experimental measurements, high-fidelity simulations, stability analysis, and various spectral analysis techniques are employed to obtain, compare, and analysis data. This multifaceted approach ensures a comprehensive understanding of the underlying  physics, and enables cross-validation between different methods.

Abstract [sv]

Aeroakustik är ett etablerat och aktivt forskningsområde av avgörande betydelse för ett brett spektrum av tekniska tillämpningar. Typiska exempel inkluderar buller som genereras av jetmotorer, vingprofiler på flygplan samt rotorblad på vindkraftverk – alla bidrar avsevärt till miljöbuller och utgör designbegränsningar vid utveckling av tystare och mer energieffektiva fordon. Bland olika aeroakustiska problem behandlas i denna avhandling särskilt ljud från bakkanten av vingar samt ljud från  jetstrålar som blåser mot en vägg. Trots att dessa två områden har studerats aktivt i över 80 år kvarstår betydande utmaningar. Denna avhandling syftar till att bidra till en grundläggande förståelse av dessa bullermekanismer och att i förlängningen möjliggöra prediktion, modellering och kontroll av ljudgenereringen.

För problemet med tonalt ljud från bakkanten vid låga till måttliga Reynolds-tal föreslås ett resolvent-baserat ramverk för att modellera de koherenta strukturer som är korrelerade med det akustiska fjärrfältet. Genom att placera cylindriska elemnet på vingprofilen genereras stråkstukturer i strömningen som styr tillväxten av Kelvin–Helmholtz-instabiliteter. Detta försvagar en del av återkopplingsslingan och leder till reducering av tonalt buller. 

Vid ökande turbulensintensitet i flödet över bakkanten ändrar bullret karaktär och blir bredbandigt. För att modellera de underliggande vågpaket strukturer som orsakar detta bredbandiga ljud använder vi ROM (reduced-order model) baserad på Spektral Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (SPOD). Den resulterande vågpaketsmodellen fångar de dominerande koherenta strukturerna i det turbulenta gränsskiktet och uppfyller Amiets spridningsvillkor, vilket möjliggör prediktion av fjärrfältsljud.

I impinging-jet-problemet undersöker vi mekanismen för generering av tonalt brus och det turbulenta gränsskiktets roll i ljudgenerering. Med hjälp av både lokala och globala linjära stabilitetsramverk identifierar vi de dominerande vågorna som är involverade i återkopplingsmekanismen och belyser frekvensvalsprocessen. Detta ramverk tillhandahåller ett noggrant verktyg för att förutsäga frekvenser av det tonala bruset direkt från ett medelflödesfält. Vidare visar vi att det turbulenta gränsskiktet utgör en viktig förutsättning för att upprätthålla resonansen, där reflektionskoefficienten mellan uppströms- och nedströms-propagerande vågor spelar en central roll för att etablera de globala instabiliteterna.

Genom hela avhandlingen används en kombination av experimentella mätningar, högupplösta simuleringar, stabilitetsanalys och olika spektrala analysmetoder för att erhålla, jämföra och analysera data. Denna mångsidiga metodik säkerställer en djupgående förståelse av de underliggande fysikaliska mekanismerna och möjliggör korsvalidering mellan olika analysmetoder.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. p. 77
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2025:42
Keywords
Aeroacoustics, trailing edge noise, impinging jet noise, reduced-order model, flow instabilities, flow control, numerical simulations, Aeroakustik, brus genererat av vingprofilbakkant, infallande jet ljud, ROM, flödesinstabiliteter, flödeskontroll, numeriska simuleringar
National Category
Fluid Mechanics
Research subject
Engineering Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-371400 (URN)978-91-8106-383-7 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-11-07, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 8, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/69716163259, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Research Council, 20-04084Vinnova, 2023-00924Vinnova, 2024-03156
Note

QC 251009

Available from: 2025-10-09 Created: 2025-10-09 Last updated: 2025-10-27Bibliographically approved

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Yuan, ZhenyangHanifi, Ardeshir

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