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Design of a High-Power Filter Inductor for Variable-Switching-Frequency TCM-Based ZVS Inverters in EV Drive Systems
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electric Power and Energy Systems. (Power Electronics)ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4178-7829
Robert Bosch GmbH, Germany.
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS).
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electric Power and Energy Systems.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2167-4616
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2025 (English)In: IEEE Open Journal of Power Electronics, ISSN 2644-1314Article in journal, News item (Refereed) Submitted
Abstract [en]

The utilization of soft-switching inverters is essential for achieving high efficiency and low electromagnetic interference (EMI) in electric vehicle (EV) drive systems. However, inductor design for such converters presents significant challenges. In triangular current mode (TCM)-based zero voltage switching (ZVS) inverters, inductors experience large current ripple and variable switching frequency, leading to excessive core and winding losses. This paper presents a design methodology for a high-power filter inductor specifically suited for TCM-based ZVS inverters. A ferrite pot core was selected, and three winding techniques—Litz wire, copper foil, and solid copper wire—were evaluated. The inductance of the three inductors was determined both experimentally and via simulation using FEMM and ANSYS, while power losses were estimated using FEM-based simulations in ANSYS. Experimental determination of 3C91 core loss coefficients was also performed. The optimal configuration required two parallel inductors per phase, resulting in a final three-phase inverter design with six inductors, each 57 mm high and 66 mm in diameter. By integrating experimental measurements with simulation-based loss estimation, the proposed approach reduces core and copper losses, improves thermal management, and enhances power density, making it suitable for next-generation EV powertrains and renewable energy conversion systems.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Piscataway, NJ, USA: IEEE, 2025.
National Category
Engineering and Technology
Research subject
Electrical Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-370482OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-370482DiVA, id: diva2:2001149
Funder
Swedish Energy Agency, 44833-1
Note

QC 20250926

Available from: 2025-09-25 Created: 2025-09-25 Last updated: 2025-09-26Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Silicon Carbide (SiC)-Based Soft-Switched Power Converters with Autonomous Gate Drivers for Electric Vehicles
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Silicon Carbide (SiC)-Based Soft-Switched Power Converters with Autonomous Gate Drivers for Electric Vehicles
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The electrification of transportation demands power conversion systems that are highly efficient, compact, reliable, and exhibit low electromagnetic interference (EMI). In electric vehicle (EV) drive applications, the two-level three-phase traction inverter is a key component that should exhibit high efficiency across varying loads and reliable operation at elevated switching frequencies.

This thesis presents a scalable, high-performance inverter design that combines autonomous gate drivers (AGDs) with optimized magnetic components. It incorporates snubber capacitors across each SiC MOSFET and a compact LC low-pass filter between the inverter output and motor terminals to enable effective soft switching and reduce EMI. This approach addresses key challenges in EV power conversion, offering a path toward compact, efficient, and EMI-compliant traction inverters for next-generation electric mobility.

The novel AGD design achieves zero-voltage switching (ZVS) under triangular current mode (TCM) control by continuously monitoring the switch voltage and current to determine optimal switching instants in real time. Direct sensing of switch conditions removes communication delays and ensures efficient ZVS at both turn-on and turn-off. The turn-off timing is set by an externally defined reference current transmitted through a galvanically isolated amplifier.

Simulation of a 10 kW two-level, three-phase inverter employing the proposed AGDs demonstrates over 99 % efficiency, sinusoidal current waveforms, and fast torque response with minimal overshoot and EMI. The integrated LC filter improves the output waveform quality while supporting soft-switching operation.

Experimental validation of the AGD concept was performed using a buck converter prototype. The AGDs operated independently of a central controller, initiating turn-on based on negative voltage detection and enabling lossless turn-off through a snubber capacitor. The system achieved ZVS at both transitions, confirming the practicality and scalability of the proposed gate-driving approach. For current sensing, the AGD employs the on-state resistance (Rds(on)) of SiC MOSFETs, eliminating the need for external shunt resistors. This reduces component count, avoids parasitic effects, and potentially increases reliability.

The thesis also investigates the design of filter inductors suitable for TCM-based ZVS inverters. Three prototypes were constructed using ferrite pot cores with Litz wire, copper foil, and solid round copper wire windings. Inductance was measured experimentally, and power losses were evaluated through Ansys Maxwell simulations under high ripple current and variable frequency conditions. Litz wire demonstrated superior performance in minimizing both copper and core losses. A dual-inductor configuration per phase—six inductors in total—is recommended for effective current handling and thermal management.

Abstract [sv]

Elektrifieringen av transport kräver effektomvandlingssystem som är mycket effektiva, kompakta, pålitliga och som uppvisar låg elektromagnetisk störning (EMI). I elfordonsapplikationer (EV) är den tvånivåiga trefasiga drivomvandlaren en nyckelkomponent som måste ha hög effektivitet över varierande belastningar och pålitlig drift vid höga switchfrekvenser.

Denna avhandling presenterar en skalbar och högpresterande omvandlardesign som kombinerar autonoma gate-drivare (AGD) med optimerade magnetiska komponenter. Den inkluderar snubber-kondensatorer över varje SiC MOSFET och ett kompakt LC-lågpassfilter mellan omvandlarens utgång och motorterminalerna för att möjliggöra effektiv mjukomkoppling och minska EMI. Denna metod tar itu med viktiga utmaningar inom EV-effektomvandling och banar väg för kompakta, effektiva och EMI-kompatibla drivomvandlare för nästa generations elektriska mobilitet.

Den nya AGD-designen uppnår nollspänningsomkoppling (ZVS) under triangulär strömmode (TCM) styrning genom att kontinuerligt övervaka switchens spänning och ström för att bestämma optimala omskiftningstidpunkter i realtid. Direkt avkänning av switchförhållanden eliminerar kommunikationsförseningar och säkerställer effektiv ZVS vid både på- och avslagning. Avslagnings-tidpunkten styrs av en externt definierad referensström som överförs via en galvaniskt isolerad förstärkare.

Simulering av en 10kW tvånivåig trefasomvandlare med de föreslagna AGD:erna visar över 99% verkningsgrad, sinusformade strömvågor och snabb momentrespons med minimal överslängning och EMI. Det integrerade LC-filtret förbättrar utgångsvågformen samtidigt som det stödjer mjukomkopplingsdrift.

Experimentell validering av AGD-konceptet utfördes med en buck- omvandlarprototyp. AGD:erna fungerade oberoende av en central styrenhet, initierade påslagning baserat på negativ spänningsdetektion och möjliggjorde förlustfri avslagning genom en snubber-kondensator. Systemet uppnådde ZVS vid båda övergångarna, vilket bekräftar praktikaliteten och skalbarheten i den föreslagna gate-drivningsmetoden. För strömmätning använder AGD:erna SiC MOSFET:arnas påslagsresistans (Rds(on)), vilket eliminerar behovet av externa shuntmotstånd. Detta minskar komponentantalet, undviker parasitiska effekter och ökar potentiellt tillförlitligheten.

Avhandlingen undersöker även utformningen av filterinduktorer lämpliga för TCM-baserade ZVS-omvandlare. Tre prototyper konstruerades med ferritpotkärnor och lindningar av Litz-tråd, kopparfolie och solida runda koppartrådar. Induktansen mättes experimentellt och effektförluster utvärderades med Ansys Maxwell-simuleringar under höga ripple-strömmar och varierande frekvenser. Litz-tråden visade överlägsen prestanda vad gäller minimering av både koppar- och kärnförluster. En dubbelinduktor-konfiguration per fas — totalt sex induktorer — rekommenderas för effektiv strömhantering och termisk kontroll.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. p. ix, 69
Series
TRITA-EECS-AVL ; 2025:84
Keywords
Autonomous Gate Drivers (AGDs), Electric Vehicles (EVs), Electromagnetic Interference (EMI), Finite Element Method (FEM), Filter Inductor, Printed Circuit Board (PCB), Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM), Silicon Carbide (SiC), Soft Switching, Traction Inverter, Triangular Current Mode (TCM), Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS), Autonoma grinddrivare (AGD), Elfordon (EV), Elektromagnetiska störningar (EMI), Finita elementmetoden (FEM), Filterinduktor, Tryckt kretskort (PCB), Permanentmagnet-synkronmotor (PMSM), Kiselkarbid (SiC), Drivomriktare, Triangulärt strömsläge (TCM), Mjukomkoppling, Nollspänningsswitchning (ZVS)
National Category
Engineering and Technology
Research subject
Electrical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-370486 (URN)978-91-8106-405-6 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-10-24, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/63418851724, Room no: 132, Code: F3 (Flodis) , Floor: 02, Lindstedtsvägen 26 & 28, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Energy Agency, 44833-1/P2017-90020
Note

QC 20250926

Available from: 2025-09-26 Created: 2025-09-26 Last updated: 2025-10-01Bibliographically approved

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Abbas, KhizraSarmast Ghahfarokhi, ShahriarAyaz, EnesNee, Hans-Peter

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