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Dynamic Covalent Hydrogels: From Fundamental Chemistry to Functional Biomaterials
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology, Polymer Technology.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2847-2475
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Regenerating human tissues has been a long-lasting goal in biomedical research. The complexity of the human body requires the convergence of chemistry, materials science, and biology towards this goal. The developed biomaterials should recapitulate native tissue environments to serve as implantable materials and realistic tissue models. A signature feature of native tissues is the dynamic characteristics in both biochemical and mechanical properties. Mimicking the dynamic nature of the native tissue is the main scheme of this thesis.

This thesis describes a route of benefitting from fundamental chemistry concepts and reactions to the development of biomaterials capable of affecting cellular response. The first part of the thesis focuses on dynamic covalent hydrogels based on hyaluronic acid and alginate prepared using imine, hydrazone, and oxime bonds through tailored crosslinking strategies. These dynamic bonds led to versatile and tunable properties in the hydrogels, such as viscoelasticity, self-healing, and injectability. The hydrogel dynamics, more specifically, the stress relaxation rate, were shown to greatly influence the cell spreading and morphology in cell cultures. Furthermore, imine bonds were used to modulate the release of an agent from the hydrogel matrices and prevent its abrupt release. 

The second part of the thesis builds on the knowledge obtained in the first part to develop dynamic hydrogels with tailored microenvironments. Light-responsive moieties were used to enable the spatiotemporal tuning of biochemical and mechanical properties of the hydrogels with micrometer precision. To tune the biochemical properties, light was used to liberate binding sites for bioactive agents to couple to selective regions of the hydrogels. The binding was done using Schiff bases with various hydrolytic stabilities, offering tunability in the subsequent release of the agents. The mechanical properties of the microenvironments were altered by liberating a competitor to the implemented crosslinking chemistry of the hydrogels using light. This was done by photocaging the more nucleophilic crosslinker, changing the crosslinking chemistry upon liberation without altering the crosslinking density. The stiffness and viscoelasticity of hydrogel microenvironments as influential factors on cellular behavior were tuned with high spatiotemporal precision.

The findings demonstrate the progress from the design of dynamic covalent hydrogels to the precise and spatiotemporal control of hydrogel properties. This thesis bridges the gap between current hydrogel designs and the dynamic, heterogeneous properties of native tissue environments. The research offers a platform to create dynamic and heterogeneous biomaterials, closely replicating native tissues.

Abstract [sv]

Att regenerera mänsklig vävnad har länge varit ett mål inom biomedicinsk forskning. Den mänskliga kroppens komplexitet kräver en djup förståelse för och samverkan mellan kemi, materialvetenskap och biologi för att nå detta mål. Biomaterialen utvecklas för att efterlikna de naturliga vävnadsmiljöerna och fungera både som implanterbara material och realistiska vävnadsmodeller. En karakteristisk egenskap hos naturliga vävnader är deras dynamiska natur, både vad gäller biokemiska och mekaniska egenskaper. Att efterlikna denna dynamik med syntetiska system är det övergripande målet för denna avhandling. 

Denna avhandling beskriver en väg som drar nytta av grundläggande kemiska koncept och reaktioner för utveckling av biomaterial som kan påverka cellulära reaktioner. Den första delen av avhandlingen fokuserar på dynamiska kovalenta hydrogeler baserade på hyaluronsyra och alginat, framställda genom skräddarsydda tvärbindningsstrategier med imin-, hydrazon- och oximbindningar. Dessa dynamiska bindningar gav hydrogelerna mångsidiga och justerbara egenskaper, såsom viskoelasticitet, självläkning och injicerbarhet. Hydrogeldynamiken, särskilt graden av stressrelaxation, visade sig ha stor inverkan på cellers spridning och morfologi i både 2D- och 3D. Vidare användes iminbindningar för att modulera frisättning av en molekyl från hydrogelmatriserna och på det sättet förhindra en plötslig frisättning.

Den andra delen av avhandlingen bygger vidare på kunskapen från den första delen för att utveckla dynamiska hydrogeler som har skräddarsydda mikromiljöer. Ljusrespon­siva grupper användes för att möjliggöra spatiotemporal styrning av de biokemiska och mekaniska egenskaperna hos hydrogelerna med noggrannhet på mikrometer-skala. För att påverka de biokemiska egenskaperna användes ljus för att frigöra bindningsställen i selektiva regioner i hydrogelerna till vilka bioaktiva ämnen kunde kopplas. Bindningen åstadkoms genom Schiff-baser med varierande hydrolytisk stabilitet, vilket gav möjlighet till justerbar frisättning av de bioaktiva ämnena. De mekaniska egenskaperna hos mikromiljöerna modifierades genom att frigöra en konkurrerande mer nukleofil tvärbindare med hjälp av ljus, vilket förändrade tvärbindningskemin utan att påverka tvärbindningstätheten. På så sätt kunde hydrogelernas styvhet och viskoelasticitet, viktiga faktorer för cellbeteende, regleras med hög spatiotemporal precision.

Resultaten visar en utveckling från design av dynamiska kovalenta hydrogeler till en exakt och spatiotemporal kontroll av hydrogelernas egenskaper. Denna avhandling bidrar till att minska skillnaden mellan befintliga hydrogel­designer och de dynamiska, heterogena egenskaper som präglar naturliga vävnadsmiljöer. Forskningen skapar därmed en plattform för utveckling av dynamiska och heterogena biomaterial som liknar naturliga vävnader.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. , p. 68
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2025:28
Keywords [en]
Dynamic covalent hydrogels, Schiff base, Hyaluronic acid, Alginate, Photopatterning
Keywords [sv]
Dynamiska kovalenta hydrogeler, Schiff baser, Hyaluronsyra, Alginat, Fotoavbildning
National Category
Polymer Chemistry
Research subject
Fibre and Polymer Science
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-371313ISBN: 978-91-8106-422-3 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-371313DiVA, id: diva2:2004566
Public defence
2025-11-14, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/66891035930, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 8, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Research Council, 2020-03427
Note

QC 20251016

Available from: 2025-10-16 Created: 2025-10-07 Last updated: 2025-10-16Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Schiff base crosslinked hyaluronic acid hydrogels with tunable and cell instructive time-dependent mechanical properties
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Schiff base crosslinked hyaluronic acid hydrogels with tunable and cell instructive time-dependent mechanical properties
2024 (English)In: Carbohydrate Polymers, ISSN 0144-8617, E-ISSN 1879-1344, Vol. 338, article id 122173Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The dynamic interplay between cells and their native extracellular matrix (ECM) influences cellular behavior, imposing a challenge in biomaterial design. Dynamic covalent hydrogels are viscoelastic and show self-healing ability, making them a potential scaffold for recapitulating native ECM properties. We aimed to implement kinetically and thermodynamically distinct crosslinkers to prepare self-healing dynamic hydrogels to explore the arising properties and their effects on cellular behavior. To do so, aldehyde-substituted hyaluronic acid (HA) was synthesized to generate imine, hydrazone, and oxime crosslinked dynamic covalent hydrogels. Differences in equilibrium constants of these bonds yielded distinct properties including stiffness, stress relaxation, and self-healing ability. The effects of degree of substitution (DS), polymer concentration, crosslinker to aldehyde ratio, and crosslinker functionality on hydrogel properties were evaluated. The self-healing ability of hydrogels was investigated on samples of the same and different crosslinkers and DS to obtain hydrogels with gradient properties. Subsequently, human dermal fibroblasts were cultured in 2D and 3D to assess the cellular response considering the dynamic properties of the hydrogels. Moreover, assessing cell spreading and morphology on hydrogels having similar modulus but different stress relaxation rates showed the effects of matrix viscoelasticity with higher cell spreading in slower relaxing hydrogels.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier Ltd, 2024
Keywords
Dynamic covalent hydrogel, Human dermal fibroblasts, Hyaluronic acid, Schiff base, Self-healing hydrogel, Viscoelasticity
National Category
Polymer Chemistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-346384 (URN)10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122173 (DOI)001237080700001 ()38763720 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85191591759 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20240520

Available from: 2024-05-14 Created: 2024-05-14 Last updated: 2025-12-05Bibliographically approved
2. Navigating the Trade-off: Stable yet Responsive Dynamic Alginate Hydrogels
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Navigating the Trade-off: Stable yet Responsive Dynamic Alginate Hydrogels
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Chemical Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-371311 (URN)
Note

QC 20251009

Available from: 2025-10-07 Created: 2025-10-07 Last updated: 2025-10-09Bibliographically approved
3. Sustained Release of Proteins Using Region‐Specific Tunable Degradability in Hydrogels through 3D Photopatterning and Complimentary Labile Bond Chemistry
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Sustained Release of Proteins Using Region‐Specific Tunable Degradability in Hydrogels through 3D Photopatterning and Complimentary Labile Bond Chemistry
Show others...
2025 (English)In: Advanced Functional Materials, ISSN 1616-301X, E-ISSN 1616-3028, Vol. 35, no 22, article id 2419935Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Wiley, 2025
National Category
Chemical Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-369191 (URN)10.1002/adfm.202419935 (DOI)001398762600001 ()2-s2.0-85215521628 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Cancer Society, 20 1285 PjFSwedish Cancer Society, 20 1288 PjSwedish Research Council, 2020‐03427Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, RMA15‐0010
Note

QC 20250908

Available from: 2025-08-29 Created: 2025-08-29 Last updated: 2025-10-07Bibliographically approved
4. Spatiotemporal Patterning of Stiffness and Viscoelasticity in Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogels using Photocontrolled Conversion of Hydrazones to Oximes
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Spatiotemporal Patterning of Stiffness and Viscoelasticity in Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogels using Photocontrolled Conversion of Hydrazones to Oximes
Show others...
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Chemical Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-371312 (URN)
Note

QC 20251009

Available from: 2025-10-07 Created: 2025-10-07 Last updated: 2025-10-09Bibliographically approved

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Behroozi Kohlan, Taha

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