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MONet-FL: Extending nnU-Net with MONAI for Clinical Federated Learning
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, Medical Imaging. Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Engineering, Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6673-1314
Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Engineering, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5125-4682
Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Engineering, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Nuclear Medicine and Medical Physics, Section Nuclear Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Nuclear Medicine and Medical Physics, Theranostics Trial Center, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7563-732X
Department of Nuclear Medicine and Medical Physics, Section Nuclear Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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2025 (English)In: Bridging Regulatory Science and Medical Imaging Evaluation; and Distributed, Collaborative, and Federated Learning: First International Workshop, BRIDGE 2025, and 6th International Workshop, DeCaF 2025, Held in Conjunction with MICCAI 2025, Daejeon, South Korea, September 23 and September 27, 2025, Proceedings, Springer Nature , 2025Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

The widespread success of nnU-Net as a state-of-the-art tool for medical image segmentation has driven its adoption as a baseline, but its limited portability and lack of clinical integration have limited broader deployment in real-world healthcare workflows. To address these challenges, we present the MONet Bundle, extending nnU-Net within the MONAI ecosystem, providing a modular benchmarking tool for Federated Learning (FL) that is directly compatible with downstream clinical operations such as model deployment, active learning, and DICOM-based PACS integration. MONet enables federated training across distributed clinical datasets while maintaining standardized preprocessing and harmonized workflows. Its flexibility is validated on two representative segmentation tasks: lymphoma lesion segmentation in PET-CT and brain tumor segmentation from the BraTS challenge. In both settings, MONet’s federated models consistently outperformed cross-site baselines and approached, or in some cases outperformed, the performance of centralized task-fusion models with minimal user intervention. The code is available at https://github.com/SimoneBendazzoli93/MONet-Bundle.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature , 2025.
Series
Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS), ISSN 1611-3349, E-ISSN 0302-9743 ; 16135
National Category
Artificial Intelligence Medical Imaging
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-371561DOI: 10.1007/978-3-032-05663-4_10ISI: 001604705100010Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105018298520OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-371561DiVA, id: diva2:2006170
Conference
First International Workshop, BRIDGE 2025, and 6th International Workshop, DeCaF 2025, Held in Conjunction with MICCAI 2025, Daejeon, South Korea, September 23 and September 27, 2025
Note

The code is available at https://github.com/SimoneBendazzoli93/MONet-Bundle

QC 20251016

Available from: 2025-10-13 Created: 2025-10-13 Last updated: 2026-05-29Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Design and Integration of AI Solutions in Oncology and Healthcare Infrastructures: Bridging the Gap Between AI Innovation and Clinical Practice
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Design and Integration of AI Solutions in Oncology and Healthcare Infrastructures: Bridging the Gap Between AI Innovation and Clinical Practice
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Artificial intelligence (AI) is driving major changes across numerous fields, with healthcare emerging as one of the areas with the greatest potential for impact. In medical imaging, AI has the potential to enhance patient care through personalized treatment planning and early disease detection, while simultaneously supporting clinicians by optimizing their workload, and automating complex tasks such as radiological image analysis. Over the past decade, substantial progress has been made in medical AI research, leading to highly accurate and robust models in controlled experimental settings. However, bringing these AI tools into everyday clinical use has proven challenging. Despite many scientific breakthroughs, only few AI systems are currently being adopted in clinical settings. 

This PhD thesis focuses on understanding why that gap exists, and how to bridge it. The work explores the technical, organizational, and ethical barriers that slow down AI adoption in healthcare, and proposes new ways to make AI more practical, transparent, and trustworthy in clinical environments.

A key result of this research is MAIA, a collaborative platform designed to bring together doctors, radiologists, and AI researchers. MAIA provides a shared space where experts can jointly develop and test AI tools under realistic clinical conditions. By combining research methods with everyday medical workflows, MAIA helps accelerate the transition from experimental AI models to clinical tools. The platform has been successfully deployed in both research and hospital environments, demonstrating its effectiveness in accelerating the integration of AI into medical practice.

Building on this foundation, the thesis also introduces MONet, a framework that makes it easier to adapt and reuse state-of-the-art medical image segmentation models for different healthcare applications. It enables smooth integration of AI into various clinical settings, from federated learning across different institutions to human-in-the-loop smart annotation tools, ensuring that research innovations can be efficiently transferred into real-world practice.

Finally, as a methodological contribution to the field, the thesis investigates the incorporation of anatomical and contextual prior knowledge into existing deep learning frameworks, with the goal of improving model interpretability and anatomical awareness. These methods were evaluated on different clinical tasks, such as lung lobe segmentation on chest CT, breast cancer treatment response prediction, and lymphoma segmentation on whole-body PET/CT, with the findings suggesting that the relevance of anatomical priors is task-dependent and can vary significantly across contexts.

In summary, the thesis work aims to contribute to bridging the gap between AI research and clinical implementation by developing collaborative infrastructures, adaptable frameworks, and methodological insights that support the trustworthy, transparent, and effective integration of AI technologies in medical imaging practice.

Abstract [sv]

Artificiell intelligens (AI) medför stora förändringar inom många områden, där hälso- och sjukvården framstår som ett av dem med störst potential. Inom medicinsk bildbehandling kan AI förbättra patientvården genom tidig detektion av sjukdom och individualiserad planering av behandling, samtidigt som den utgör ett stöd för kliniker genom att minska arbetsbelastningen och automatisera komplexa uppgifter, såsom analys av radiologiska bilder. Under det senaste decenniet har betydande framsteg gjorts inom medicinsk AI-forskning, vilket har lett till mycket noggranna och robusta modeller i kontrollerade experimentella miljöer. 

Att införa dessa AI-verktyg i den dagliga kliniska praktiken har dock visat sig vara en utmaning. Trots många vetenskapliga genombrott används fortfarande endast ett fåtal AI-system inom klinisk rutin. Denna doktorsavhandling fokuserar på att förstå varför denna klyfta existerar och hur den kan överbryggas. Arbetet undersöker tekniska, organisatoriska och etiska hinder som fördröjer införandet av AI i vården, och föreslår nya strategier för att göra AI mer praktisk, transparent och pålitlig i kliniska miljöer. 

Ett centralt resultat av denna forskning är MAIA, en plattform utformad för samarbete mellan kliniska läkare, radiologer och AI-forskare. MAIA erbjuder en gemensam miljö där experter kan utveckla och testa AI-verktyg under realistiska kliniska förhållanden. Genom att kombinera forskningsmetoder med vardagliga kliniska arbetsflöden bidrar MAIA till att påskynda överföringen från experimentella AI-modeller till kliniska verktyg. Plattformen har framgångsrikt implementerats både i forsknings- och sjukhusmiljöer, vilket visar att den effektivt kan integrera AI i medicinsk praxis. 

Med denna plattform som grund presenterar avhandlingen också MONet, ett ramverk som underlättar anpassning och återanvändning av avancerade modeller för medicinsk bildsegmentering i olika vårdsammanhang. Ramverket möjliggör smidig integration av AI i olika kliniska miljöer, från federerat lärande mellan olika institutioner till smarta annoteringsverktyg baserade på en människa i loopen, vilket säkerställer att forskningsinnovationer effektivt kan överföras till verklig klinisk praktik. 

Som ett metodologiskt bidrag undersöker avhandlingen dessutom hur anatomisk och kontextuell förkunskap kan införlivas i befintliga modeller för djupinlärning, med målet att förbättra modellernas tolkbarhet och anatomiska medvetenhet. Dessa metoder har utvärderats på olika kliniska uppgifter, såsom lunglobssegmentering på bröstkorgs-CT, prediktion av behandlingssvar vid bröstcancer och lymfomsegmentering på helkropps-PET/CT. Resultaten visar att betydelsen av anatomiska förkunskaper är uppgiftsberoende och kan variera avsevärt mellan olika kliniska kontexter. 

Sammanfattningsvis syftar denna avhandling till att bidra till att minska klyftan mellan AI-forskning och klinisk tillämpning genom utveckling av infrastruktur för samarbete, anpassningsbara ramverk och metodologiska insikter som stödjer en pålitlig, transparent och effektiv integration av AI-teknologier inom medicinsk bildbehandling.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm, Sweden: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. p. 116
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2025:29
Keywords
Medical AI, Healthcare Innovation, AI Infrastructure, Democratic AI, Clinical Integration, Sustainable Healthcare, Medicinsk AI, Hälsoinnovation, AI-infrastruktur, Demokratisk AI, Klinisk integration, Hållbar hälso-och sjukvård
National Category
Computer graphics and computer vision
Research subject
Medical Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-371565 (URN)978-91-8106-440-7 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-11-27, T2 (Jacobssonsalen), via Zoom: https://kth-se.zoom.us/s/69783079643, Hälsovägen 11C, Huddinge, 09:00 (English)
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QC 2025-10-22

Available from: 2025-10-22 Created: 2025-10-14 Last updated: 2025-11-17Bibliographically approved

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Bendazzoli, SimoneAstaraki, MehdiBrunori, SofiaMoreno, Rodrigo

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