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Boundary Objects in the Development of Complex Cyber-Physical Systems: A Scoping Review
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Engineering Design, Mechatronics and Embedded Control Systems.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3022-6110
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Engineering Design, Mechatronics and Embedded Control Systems.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5704-4504
2025 (English)In: Heliyon, E-ISSN 2405-8440Article in journal (Other academic) Submitted
Abstract [en]

The development of large-scale software intensive systems such as cyber-physical systems (CPS) involves many different professionals, in particular engineers from several engineering disciplines. \emph{Boundary objects} are commonly used in this context to facilitate the interactions between engineers. These are artefacts that hold different meaning to several groups and serve as a means of translating information between them. This paper presents a scoping review investigating the current state of the boundary object concept, and factors that can affect the effectiveness of boundary objects, within the discourse on the development of complex CPS. The results contribute to theory by selecting a promising approach to overcome the overextension of the concept, and using this approach to leverage on two orthogonal aspects of boundary objects. The latter reveals a two-dimensional continuum along which boundary objects are more or less (a) \emph{transparent} or \emph{opaque}, and (b) a \emph{support} or \emph{limiter} on human activity. Furthermore, the results contribute to management concerns of systems and software development practice by considering which contextual factors that influence the efficacy of boundary objects used for complex CPS development. The findings call for practitioners to put more effort into understanding culture as an important contextual factor that either enables or acts as a barrier to the continued success of boundary objects. In particular, many boundary objects are currently evolving into ‘intelligent boundary objects’ as engineering tools increasingly integrate (generative) artificial intelligence to support human augmentation. This study suggests that the shared meanings, values and assumptions of those that develop these tools must be made transparent in the boundary objects generated by them, lest the ability of engineers to make well-informed, unbiased decisions is compromised.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2025.
Keywords [en]
Boundary objects, cyber-physical systems, management concerns, knowledge integration, technological fusion, scoping review.
National Category
Software Engineering
Research subject
Industrial Engineering and Management
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-371701OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-371701DiVA, id: diva2:2006996
Note

QC 20251020

Available from: 2025-10-16 Created: 2025-10-16 Last updated: 2025-10-20Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Boundary Objects within the Discourse of Trustworthy Cyber-Physical Systems Development: Reflection on the Utilization of Reference Architectures as Boundary Objects to Support Collaborative Engineering
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Boundary Objects within the Discourse of Trustworthy Cyber-Physical Systems Development: Reflection on the Utilization of Reference Architectures as Boundary Objects to Support Collaborative Engineering
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) have progressed far beyond their origins in embedded control, evolving into large-scale software intensive systems that play an important role in modern society. By tightly integrating computation, sensing, control, and communication, CPS drive innovation across domains such as transportation, energy, healthcare, and industrial automation. As these systems become increasingly intelligent and interactive, often incorporating artificial intelligence (AI) and engaging dynamically with human users and their environments, new concerns arise regarding their trustworthiness. These concerns extend beyond traditional notions of dependability to include ethical considerations such as transparency, fairness, and accountability. As a result, ensuring classical dependability aspects while also addressing ethical dimensions of AI such as transparency, fairness, and accountability, is not only a technical challenge but also a socio-technical imperative. Consequently, the development of CPS requires interdisciplinary collaboration among stakeholders with diverse expertise. 

As the current development of CPS increasingly depends on interdisciplinary collaboration, the urgency of conducting effective co-engineering practices becomes ever more essential. However, this co-engineering practice is frequently challenged by knowledge boundaries stemming from differences in disciplinary languages, method, and interests. These boundaries can lead to misalignment and conflicting interpretations that disrupt co-engineering practices among the stakeholders involved. Addressing these challenges is a socio-technical endeavour that requires the integration of technical factors and social factors, particularly those that enable effective collaboration across disciplinary and organizational boundaries.

The concept of boundary objects provides a useful lens for tackling these issues. Originally introduced in the sociology, boundary objects are artifacts that are flexible enough to be interpreted differently across social worlds, yet robust enough to maintain a coherent identity. For example, they function as mediating structures that help align diverse perspectives, coordinate efforts across disciplinary boundaries, and facilitate negotiation of competing interests. In the engineering context, boundary objects may take the form of reference architectures that allow stakeholders to understand one another without requiring full consensus on meanings or methods. This combination of being flexible enough to adapt to local needs and constraints, while remaining stable enough to maintain a shared identity across different stakeholder groups, makes boundary objects particularly valuable for navigating the complexity and uncertainty of co-engineering practices.

This thesis investigates how reference architectures function as boundary objects that support co-engineering in the development of trustworthy CPS. Drawing on boundary object theory, it conceptualizes reference architectures as artifacts that enable translation across knowledge domains, mediate semantic and pragmatic boundaries, and provide a shared platform for e.g., negotiating trade-offs, especially those related to trustworthiness aspects and requirements. The research combines theoretical analysis with empirical studies in CPS domains such as automotive and railway, exploring how factor such as knowledge stickiness and organizational factor such as power dynamics within the organization shape the interpretation and utilization of reference architectures as boundary objects that support co-engineering practices.

The thesis makes three main contributions. First, it clarifies the theoretical understanding of boundary objects within the discourse of CPS development by situating reference architectures as socio-technical mediators of collaboration rather than merely technical design templates. Second, it offers empirical insights into how contextual factors influence the use and effectiveness of reference architectures in supporting the co-engineering in the development of trustworthy CPS. Third, it develops and evaluates an architectural framework that supports co-engineering practices by providing methods to help stakeholders navigate knowledge boundaries during the development of trustworthy CPS.

Abstract [sv]

Cyberfysiska system (CPS) har utvecklats långt bortom sitt ursprung i inbyggd styrning och utvecklats till storskaliga mjukvaruintensiva system som spelar en viktig roll i det moderna samhället. Genom att tätt integrera beräkning, sensorer, styrning och kommunikation driver CPS innovation inom områden som transport, energi, sjukvård och industriell automation. I takt med att dessa system blir alltmer intelligenta och interaktiva, ofta med artificiell intelligens (AI) och dynamiskt interagerar med mänskliga användare och deras miljöer, uppstår nya farhågor kring deras tillförlitlighet. Dessa farhågor sträcker sig bortom traditionella föreställningar om tillförlitlighet och inkluderar etiska överväganden som transparens, rättvisa och ansvarsskyldighet. Som ett resultat är det inte bara en teknisk utmaning utan också ett sociotekniskt imperativ att säkerställa klassiska tillförlitlighetsaspekter samtidigt som man tar itu med etiska dimensioner av AI, såsom transparens, rättvisa och ansvarsskyldighet. Följaktligen kräver utvecklingen av CPS tvärvetenskapligt samarbete mellan intressenter med olika expertis.

Konceptet med gränsobjekt ger en användbar lins för att ta itu med dessa frågor. Ursprungligen introducerades gränsobjekt inom sociologin och är artefakter som är tillräckligt flexibla för att tolkas olika över sociala världar, men ändå tillräckligt robusta för att upprätthålla en sammanhängande identitet. De fungerar till exempel som förmedlande strukturer som hjälper till att anpassa olika perspektiv, koordinera insatser över disciplinära gränser och underlätta förhandlingar om konkurrerande intressen. I ingenjörskontexten kan gränsobjekt ta formen av referensarkitekturer som gör det möjligt för intressenter att förstå varandra utan att kräva fullständig konsensus om betydelser eller metoder. Denna kombination av att vara tillräckligt flexibel för att anpassa sig till lokala behov och begränsningar, samtidigt som de förblir tillräckligt stabila för att upprätthålla en gemensam identitet mellan olika intressentgrupper, gör gränsobjekt särskilt värdefulla för att navigera komplexiteten och osäkerheten i samutvecklingsmetoder.

Denna avhandling undersöker hur referensarkitekturer fungerar som gränsobjekt som stöder samutveckling i utvecklingen av tillförlitliga CPS. Med utgångspunkt i gränsobjektteorin konceptualiserar den referensarkitekturer som artefakter som möjliggör översättning över kunskapsområden, förmedlar semantiska och pragmatiska gränser och tillhandahåller en gemensam plattform för t.ex. att förhandla om avvägningar, särskilt de som är relaterade till tillförlitlighetsaspekter och krav. Forskningen kombinerar teoretisk analys med empiriska studier inom CPS-domäner som fordonsindustrin och järnvägen, och utforskar hur faktorer som kunskapsfasthet och organisatoriska faktorer som maktdynamik inom organisationen formar tolkningen och användningen av referensarkitekturer som gränsobjekt som stöder samutvecklingsmetoder.

Avhandlingen ger tre huvudsakliga bidrag. För det första klargör den den teoretiska förståelsen av gränsobjekt inom diskursen kring CPS-utveckling genom att placera referensarkitekturer som sociotekniska medlare för samarbete snarare än bara tekniska designmallar. För det andra erbjuder den empiriska insikter i hur kontextuella faktorer påverkar användningen och effektiviteten av referensarkitekturer för att stödja samutveckling i utvecklingen av tillförlitliga CPS. För det tredje utvecklar och utvärderar den ett arkitektoniskt ramverk som stöder samutvecklingsmetoder genom att tillhandahålla metoder för att hjälpa intressenter att navigera kunskapsgränser under utvecklingen av tillförlitliga CPS.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2025. p. xxi, 59
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2025:41
Keywords
CPS, boundary object, knowledge boundaries, reference architectures, power
National Category
Software Engineering Production Engineering, Human Work Science and Ergonomics
Research subject
Machine Design
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-371406 (URN)978-91-8106-429-2 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-11-06, Sal F3 / https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/67731258802, Lindstedtsvägen 26-28, Stockholm, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-10-17 Created: 2025-10-09 Last updated: 2025-12-04Bibliographically approved

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Ramli, Muhammad RusyadiAsplund, Fredrik

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