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The Influence of Power Dynamics in the Reference Architectures Utilization as Boundary Objects
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Engineering Design, Mechatronics and Embedded Control Systems.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3022-6110
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Engineering Design, Mechatronics and Embedded Control Systems.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5704-4504
2025 (English)In: Article in journal (Other academic) Submitted
Abstract [en]

The development of large-scale software-intensive systems, such as cyber-physical systems (CPS), is increasingly complex, influenced by both technical and human aspects. Technically, critical system properties like safety and cybersecurity must be addressed from the early development stages, as these properties are interrelated and impact one another. Managing them requires cross-disciplinary collaborations among diverse engineers, i.e., co-engineering practice. Reference architectures are often viewed as boundary objects, i.e., objects used by diverse groups to reach common ground, to facilitate these co-engineering practices. However, the effectiveness of reference architectures as boundary objects in fostering co-engineering practices can be shaped by power dynamics within and among teams. This study investigates how different types of power held by engineers influence their preferences for specific types of reference architectures. A mixed-method approach was employed, beginning with quantitative data collection through surveys distributed to engineers and key stakeholders, such as project managers involved in co-engineering safety and cybersecurity.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2025.
Keywords [en]
Boundary object, co-engineering of system properties, power dynamics, reference architecture.
National Category
Software Engineering
Research subject
Industrial Engineering and Management
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-371702OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-371702DiVA, id: diva2:2006997
Note

Submitted to  Journal of Systems and Software ISSN 1873-1228, 0164-1212

QC 20251020

Available from: 2025-10-16 Created: 2025-10-16 Last updated: 2025-10-20Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Boundary Objects within the Discourse of Trustworthy Cyber-Physical Systems Development: Reflection on the Utilization of Reference Architectures as Boundary Objects to Support Collaborative Engineering
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Boundary Objects within the Discourse of Trustworthy Cyber-Physical Systems Development: Reflection on the Utilization of Reference Architectures as Boundary Objects to Support Collaborative Engineering
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) have progressed far beyond their origins in embedded control, evolving into large-scale software intensive systems that play an important role in modern society. By tightly integrating computation, sensing, control, and communication, CPS drive innovation across domains such as transportation, energy, healthcare, and industrial automation. As these systems become increasingly intelligent and interactive, often incorporating artificial intelligence (AI) and engaging dynamically with human users and their environments, new concerns arise regarding their trustworthiness. These concerns extend beyond traditional notions of dependability to include ethical considerations such as transparency, fairness, and accountability. As a result, ensuring classical dependability aspects while also addressing ethical dimensions of AI such as transparency, fairness, and accountability, is not only a technical challenge but also a socio-technical imperative. Consequently, the development of CPS requires interdisciplinary collaboration among stakeholders with diverse expertise. 

As the current development of CPS increasingly depends on interdisciplinary collaboration, the urgency of conducting effective co-engineering practices becomes ever more essential. However, this co-engineering practice is frequently challenged by knowledge boundaries stemming from differences in disciplinary languages, method, and interests. These boundaries can lead to misalignment and conflicting interpretations that disrupt co-engineering practices among the stakeholders involved. Addressing these challenges is a socio-technical endeavour that requires the integration of technical factors and social factors, particularly those that enable effective collaboration across disciplinary and organizational boundaries.

The concept of boundary objects provides a useful lens for tackling these issues. Originally introduced in the sociology, boundary objects are artifacts that are flexible enough to be interpreted differently across social worlds, yet robust enough to maintain a coherent identity. For example, they function as mediating structures that help align diverse perspectives, coordinate efforts across disciplinary boundaries, and facilitate negotiation of competing interests. In the engineering context, boundary objects may take the form of reference architectures that allow stakeholders to understand one another without requiring full consensus on meanings or methods. This combination of being flexible enough to adapt to local needs and constraints, while remaining stable enough to maintain a shared identity across different stakeholder groups, makes boundary objects particularly valuable for navigating the complexity and uncertainty of co-engineering practices.

This thesis investigates how reference architectures function as boundary objects that support co-engineering in the development of trustworthy CPS. Drawing on boundary object theory, it conceptualizes reference architectures as artifacts that enable translation across knowledge domains, mediate semantic and pragmatic boundaries, and provide a shared platform for e.g., negotiating trade-offs, especially those related to trustworthiness aspects and requirements. The research combines theoretical analysis with empirical studies in CPS domains such as automotive and railway, exploring how factor such as knowledge stickiness and organizational factor such as power dynamics within the organization shape the interpretation and utilization of reference architectures as boundary objects that support co-engineering practices.

The thesis makes three main contributions. First, it clarifies the theoretical understanding of boundary objects within the discourse of CPS development by situating reference architectures as socio-technical mediators of collaboration rather than merely technical design templates. Second, it offers empirical insights into how contextual factors influence the use and effectiveness of reference architectures in supporting the co-engineering in the development of trustworthy CPS. Third, it develops and evaluates an architectural framework that supports co-engineering practices by providing methods to help stakeholders navigate knowledge boundaries during the development of trustworthy CPS.

Abstract [sv]

Cyberfysiska system (CPS) har utvecklats långt bortom sitt ursprung i inbyggd styrning och utvecklats till storskaliga mjukvaruintensiva system som spelar en viktig roll i det moderna samhället. Genom att tätt integrera beräkning, sensorer, styrning och kommunikation driver CPS innovation inom områden som transport, energi, sjukvård och industriell automation. I takt med att dessa system blir alltmer intelligenta och interaktiva, ofta med artificiell intelligens (AI) och dynamiskt interagerar med mänskliga användare och deras miljöer, uppstår nya farhågor kring deras tillförlitlighet. Dessa farhågor sträcker sig bortom traditionella föreställningar om tillförlitlighet och inkluderar etiska överväganden som transparens, rättvisa och ansvarsskyldighet. Som ett resultat är det inte bara en teknisk utmaning utan också ett sociotekniskt imperativ att säkerställa klassiska tillförlitlighetsaspekter samtidigt som man tar itu med etiska dimensioner av AI, såsom transparens, rättvisa och ansvarsskyldighet. Följaktligen kräver utvecklingen av CPS tvärvetenskapligt samarbete mellan intressenter med olika expertis.

Konceptet med gränsobjekt ger en användbar lins för att ta itu med dessa frågor. Ursprungligen introducerades gränsobjekt inom sociologin och är artefakter som är tillräckligt flexibla för att tolkas olika över sociala världar, men ändå tillräckligt robusta för att upprätthålla en sammanhängande identitet. De fungerar till exempel som förmedlande strukturer som hjälper till att anpassa olika perspektiv, koordinera insatser över disciplinära gränser och underlätta förhandlingar om konkurrerande intressen. I ingenjörskontexten kan gränsobjekt ta formen av referensarkitekturer som gör det möjligt för intressenter att förstå varandra utan att kräva fullständig konsensus om betydelser eller metoder. Denna kombination av att vara tillräckligt flexibel för att anpassa sig till lokala behov och begränsningar, samtidigt som de förblir tillräckligt stabila för att upprätthålla en gemensam identitet mellan olika intressentgrupper, gör gränsobjekt särskilt värdefulla för att navigera komplexiteten och osäkerheten i samutvecklingsmetoder.

Denna avhandling undersöker hur referensarkitekturer fungerar som gränsobjekt som stöder samutveckling i utvecklingen av tillförlitliga CPS. Med utgångspunkt i gränsobjektteorin konceptualiserar den referensarkitekturer som artefakter som möjliggör översättning över kunskapsområden, förmedlar semantiska och pragmatiska gränser och tillhandahåller en gemensam plattform för t.ex. att förhandla om avvägningar, särskilt de som är relaterade till tillförlitlighetsaspekter och krav. Forskningen kombinerar teoretisk analys med empiriska studier inom CPS-domäner som fordonsindustrin och järnvägen, och utforskar hur faktorer som kunskapsfasthet och organisatoriska faktorer som maktdynamik inom organisationen formar tolkningen och användningen av referensarkitekturer som gränsobjekt som stöder samutvecklingsmetoder.

Avhandlingen ger tre huvudsakliga bidrag. För det första klargör den den teoretiska förståelsen av gränsobjekt inom diskursen kring CPS-utveckling genom att placera referensarkitekturer som sociotekniska medlare för samarbete snarare än bara tekniska designmallar. För det andra erbjuder den empiriska insikter i hur kontextuella faktorer påverkar användningen och effektiviteten av referensarkitekturer för att stödja samutveckling i utvecklingen av tillförlitliga CPS. För det tredje utvecklar och utvärderar den ett arkitektoniskt ramverk som stöder samutvecklingsmetoder genom att tillhandahålla metoder för att hjälpa intressenter att navigera kunskapsgränser under utvecklingen av tillförlitliga CPS.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2025. p. xxi, 59
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2025:41
Keywords
CPS, boundary object, knowledge boundaries, reference architectures, power
National Category
Software Engineering Production Engineering, Human Work Science and Ergonomics
Research subject
Machine Design
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-371406 (URN)978-91-8106-429-2 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-11-06, Sal F3 / https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/67731258802, Lindstedtsvägen 26-28, Stockholm, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-10-17 Created: 2025-10-09 Last updated: 2025-12-04Bibliographically approved

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Ramli, Muhammad RusyadiAsplund, Fredrik

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