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Engineering of affibody affinity proteins for cancer immunotherapy
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Protein Science, Proteinteknik. (Per-Åke Nygren)ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7097-9408
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Sustainable development
SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being
Abstract [en]

Antibodies and antibody-derived fragments have long been the conventional choice for the development of tumour-recognising affinity proteins in cancer therapy and diagnostic applications. This thesis investigates the potential of using small, non-immunoglobulin affibody affinity proteins as alternatives, or complements, to conventional antibody-based formats. To this end, the main focus of this work has been the development of affibody-based Natural Killer (NK) cell dual engagers for potential cancer treatment. By simultaneous engagement of tumour-associated antigens (TAAs) and the NK cell-activating receptor CD16a, the aim is to use these affibody-based dual engagers to re-direct NK cells to the cancer cells and trigger NK cell-mediated tumour killing. This approach could offer a novel and modular affibody-based platform for engaging NK cells, while also expanding the repertoire of NK cell-based immunotherapies currently in development.

In Paper I, we developed affibody binders targeting B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA), which is an overexpressed and clinically validated target in multiple myeloma (MM). Following two consecutive phage display selection campaigns, post-selection characterisation of one candidate anti-BCMA affibody clone, denoted 1-E6, demonstrated its high binding affinity to BCMA, with an approximate KD of 1.4 nM as measured by surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and ability to bind specifically to the BCMA-expressing cell line MM.1s, using both flow cytometry and microscopy techniques.

In Paper II, phage display selection was used to develop affibodies targeting CD16a. SPR-based evaluation of two anti-CD16a affibody candidates, denoted H09 and A10, demonstrated moderate binding affinities to CD16a and, more interestingly, recognition of two non-overlapping CD16a-binding epitopes. Notably, the bi-paratopic H09-A10 combination demonstrated a markedly enhanced binding to CD16a through avidity. Further combination with the anti-BCMA affibody 1-E6 yielded a BCMA × CD16a dual engager, with a bi-paratopic CD16a-binding arm, which demonstrated ability to bind both CD16a and BCMA simultaneously in SPR. In vitro functional cell assays using MM.1s cells and donor-derived NK cells showed that the BCMA × CD16a dual engager efficiently activated NK cells in a BCMA-dependent manner, and mediated triggering of potent NK cell cytotoxicity.

Paper III focused on the development of CD16a binders with improved properties, using phage display and a methionine-free second-generation combinatorial library based on the anti-CD16a affibody A10. SPR analysis of one isolated second-generation clone, denoted 34a-A11, demonstrated a modest improvement in CD16a affinity, with a KD of 14 nM for 34a-A11 compared to 24 nM for A10. A bivalent (BCMA)2 × CD16a dual engager was constructed by genetic fusion of 34a-A11 with two anti-BCMA 1-E6 affibody units. Cell microarray-based target selectivity screening of this bivalent dual engager against > 6,000 human membrane and secreted proteins demonstrated selective binding to BCMA and both CD16a and CD16b isoforms. Further, functional cell assays using co-cultures of the dual engager, with MM.1s cells and either engineered CD16a-expressing Jurkat cells or donor-derived NK cells, showcased BCMA-specific NK cell activation and NK cell-mediated cell killing. In a blocking assay using IgG as the blocking reagent, the activity of the dual engager was not inhibited in the presence of IgG, thus highlighting the dual engager’s non-competitive binding with IgG to CD16a. This result was also supported by AlphaFold 3 modelling.

Finally, in Paper IV, the anti-CD16a 34a-A11 affibody was combined with previously generated anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) affibody or ABD-Derived Affinity ProTein (ADAPT) binders, ZHER2:2891 and ADAPT6 respectively, to generate HER2 × CD16a dual engagers. Both dual engagers were investigated in a 3D spheroid breast cancer model, using HER2-expressing BT474 cells grown as ~300 µm spheroids, which showed that the dual engagers penetrated deeper into the spheroids than the anti-HER2 mAb trastuzumab. Furthermore, in co-cultures with donor-derived NK cells, the dual engagers demonstrated complete lysis of the spheroids, with faster kinetics than trastuzumab.

Taken together, the work presented in this thesis demonstrates the potential of using affibody molecules as both the cancer cell-binding arm and the NK cell-binding arm in small, affibody-based NK cell dual engagers, offering a novel and modular platform for NK cell-based cancer immunotherapy.

Abstract [sv]

Antikroppar och antikroppsfragment har länge varit de konventionella formaten inom utvecklingen av tumörbindande affinitetsprotiner för cancerterapi och diagnostik. I denna avhandling undersöks användningen av små, så kallade affibody-affinitetsproteiner, vilka ej är baserade på immunoglobuliner, som alternativ eller komplement till konventionella antikroppsbaserade format. För detta ändamål har huvudfokuset i avhandlingen varit att utveckla affibody-baserade NK cell dual engagers, för potentiell cancerterapi. Genom att dessa NK cell dual engagers kan binda simultant till tumör-associerade antigener (TAA) och den NK-cellsaktiverande receptorn CD16a, kan de användas för att omdirigera NK-cellerna till cancercellerna samt utlösa NK-cellsmedierat dödande av cancerceller. Utvecklingen av sådana affibody-baserade NK cell dual engagers kan erbjuda en ny och modulär affibody-baserad plattform för att aktivera NK-celler och samtidigt utöka repertoaren av NK-cellsbaserade immunoterapier under utveckling.

I det första arbetet (Paper I) utvecklades affibody-bindare mot BCMA (B-cell maturation antigen), som är ett överuttryckt och kliniskt validerat antigen inom multipelt myelom (MM). Efter två på varandra följande fagdisplay-selektioner, visade anti-BCMA affibody-klonen 1-E6 stark bindningsaffinitet till BCMA (KD ca. 1.4 nM) och specifik bindning till den BCMA-uttryckande cellinjen MM.1s.

I det andra arbetet (Paper II) utvecklades affibody-bindare mot CD16a. Utvärdering av de två anti-CD16a affibody-klonerna benämnda H09 och A10 visade på måttligt stark affinitet till CD16a, samt att de två klonerna band till icke-överlappande epitoper på CD16a. Anmärkningsvärt demonsterade den bi-paratopiska kombinationen H09-A10 en förstärkt bindning till CD16a genom aviditet. Vidare konstruerades ett bispecifikt BCMA × CD16a dual engager-konstrukt, genom fusering av H09-A10 med anti-BCMA affibody-klonen 1-E6, som uppvisade simultan bindning till BCMA och CD16a. Funktionella analyser med MM.1s-celler och NK-celler visade att konstruktet effektivt kunde aktivera NK-celler och att denna aktivering var beroende av närvaro av de BCMA-uttryckande MM.1s-cellerna, samt att konstruktet kunde inducera potent NK-cellsmedierad cytotoxicitet.

Det tredje arbetet (Paper III) fokuserade på vidareutvecklingen av anti-CD16a affibody-klonen A10, för att ta fram andra generationens CD16a-bindare fria från metioniner och med förbättrade egenskaper. En ny klon, benämnd 34a-A11, demonstrerade en modest förbättrad affinitet, med KD ca. 14 nM för 34a-A11 jämfört med 24 nM för A10. Vidare undersökning av ett bivalent (BCMA)2 × CD16a dual engager-konstrukt visade bindningsselektivitet för BCMA samt CD16 (båda isoformerna CD16a och CD16b), och BCMA-specifik aktivering av NK-celler och NK-cellsmedierad cytotoxicitet. Ytterligare analys av NK-cellsaktivering visade att dual engager-konstruktets aktivitet inte påverkades negativt av närvaro av IgG som blockeringsreagens, troligtvis på grund av dess icke-kompetitiva bindande med IgG för bindning till CD16a, vilket understöddes av resultat från AlphaFold 3-modellering.

I det fjärde arbetet (Paper IV) kombinerades anti-CD16a affibody-klonen 34a-A11 med de tidigare utvecklade anti-HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) affinitetsproteinklonerna ZHER2:2891 och ADAPT6 för att generera två olika HER2 × CD16a dual engager-konstrukt. Utvärdering i en tredimensionell sfäroid-baserad bröstcancermodell, där HER2-uttryckande BT474-celler odlats som sfäroider, visade att båda dual engager-konstrukten penetrerade djupare in i sfäroiderna än anti-HER2 antikroppen trastuzumab. I cell-kokulturer där NK-celler adderades visade dual engager-konstrukten på fullständig lysering av sfäroiderna, med snabbare kinetik än trastuzumab.

Sammantaget demonstrerar arbetena som presenteras i denna avhandling potentialen med att använda affibody-proteiner både som den cancercellsbindande armen och den NK-cellsbindande armen i små, affibody-baserade NK cell dual engagers. Detta erbjuder därmed en ny och modulär plattform för NK-cellsbaserad immunoterapi för cancerbehandling.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. , p. 81
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2025:33
Keywords [en]
affibody, alternative scaffolds, combinatorial protein engineering, phage display, cancer immunotherapy, CD16a, NK cells, NK cell engagers
National Category
Molecular Biology Biochemistry
Research subject
Biotechnology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-372270ISBN: 978-91-8106-465-0 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-372270DiVA, id: diva2:2011082
Public defence
2025-11-28, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/62163363454, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 8, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 2025-11-04

Available from: 2025-11-04 Created: 2025-11-03 Last updated: 2025-11-04Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. An Anti-BCMA Affibody Affinity Protein for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Use in Multiple Myeloma
Open this publication in new window or tab >>An Anti-BCMA Affibody Affinity Protein for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Use in Multiple Myeloma
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2025 (English)In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, ISSN 1661-6596, E-ISSN 1422-0067, Vol. 26, no 11, article id 5186Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

B Cell Maturation Antigen (BCMA) has gained considerable attention as a target in directed therapies for multiple myeloma (MM) treatment, via immunoglobulin-based bispecific T cell engagers or CAR T cell strategies. We describe the development of alternative, non-immunoglobulin BCMA-recognising affinity proteins, based on the small (58 aa) three-helix bundle affibody scaffold. A first selection campaign using a naïve affibody phage library resulted in the isolation of several BCMA-binding clones with different kinetic profiles. One clone showing the slowest dissociation kinetics was chosen as the template for the construction of two second-generation libraries. Characterization of output clones from selections using these libraries led to the identification of clone 1-E6, which demonstrated low nM affinity to BCMA and high thermal stability. Biosensor experiments showed that 1-E6 interfered with the binding of BCMA to both its natural ligand APRIL and to the clinically evaluated anti-BCMA monoclonal antibody belantamab, suggesting overlapping epitopes. A fluorescently labelled head-to-tail homodimer construct of 1-E6 showed specific binding to the BCMA<sup>+</sup> MM.1s cell line in both flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. Taken together, the results suggest that the small anti-BCMA affibody 1-E6 could be an interesting alternative to antibody-based affinity units in the development of BCMA-targeted therapies and diagnostics.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI AG, 2025
Keywords
affibody, BCMA, multiple myeloma
National Category
Molecular Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-366566 (URN)10.3390/ijms26115186 (DOI)001505974100001 ()40507995 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-105007881196 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20250710

Available from: 2025-07-10 Created: 2025-07-10 Last updated: 2025-11-03Bibliographically approved
2. Affibody-based hBCMA x CD16 dual engagers for NK cell-mediated killing of multiple myeloma cells
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Affibody-based hBCMA x CD16 dual engagers for NK cell-mediated killing of multiple myeloma cells
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2023 (English)In: New Biotechnology, ISSN 1871-6784, E-ISSN 1876-4347, Vol. 77, p. 139-148Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

We describe the development and characterization of the (to date) smallest Natural Killer (NK) cell re-directing human B Cell Maturation Antigen (hBCMA) x CD16 dual engagers for potential treatment of multiple myeloma, based on combinations of small 58 amino acid, non-immunoglobulin, affibody affinity proteins. Affibody molecules to human CD16a were selected from a combinatorial library by phage display resulting in the identification of three unique binders with affinities (KD) for CD16a in the range of 100 nM–3 µM. The affibody exhibiting the highest affinity demonstrated insensitivity towards the CD16a allotype (158F/V) and did not interfere with IgG (Fc) binding to CD16a. For the construction of hBCMA x CD16 dual engagers, different CD16a binding arms, including bi-paratopic affibody combinations, were genetically fused to a high-affinity hBCMA-specific affibody. Such 15–23 kDa dual engager constructs showed simultaneous hBCMA and CD16a binding ability and could efficiently activate resting primary NK cells and trigger specific lysis of a panel of hBCMA-positive multiple myeloma cell lines. Hence, we report a novel class of uniquely small NK cell engagers with specific binding properties and potent functional profiles.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2023
Keywords
Affibody, BCMA, CD16, Dual engager, Multiple myeloma, NK cells
National Category
Medical Biotechnology (with a focus on Cell Biology (including Stem Cell Biology), Molecular Biology, Microbiology, Biochemistry or Biopharmacy)
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-337461 (URN)10.1016/j.nbt.2023.09.002 (DOI)001075124700001 ()37673373 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85170430125 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20231006

Available from: 2023-10-06 Created: 2023-10-06 Last updated: 2025-11-03Bibliographically approved
3. Selection and characterisation of second-generation anti-CD16a affibodies
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Selection and characterisation of second-generation anti-CD16a affibodies
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Directing natural killer (NK) cells to tumour cells via antibodies or engineered bi-specific NK cell dual engagers, to achieve CD16a-driven antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) triggering and effective cancer cell killing, is a powerful immunotherapeutic strategy. For potential use as NK cell engaging arms in such molecules, we describe efforts to develop second-generation anti-CD16a affibodies, derived from a previously reported lead candidate. Guided by data from alanine scanning mutagenesis and additional point mutations, a methionine-free, second-generation phage display library was constructed and used for selections. One of the output clones, denoted 34a-A11, showed a fusion partner-dependent affinity for CD16a, with a particularly high affinity observed in SPR experiments when fused as a head-to-tail with a B-Cell Maturation Antigen (BCMA)-specific affibody in a BCMA x CD16a dual engager format. Intriguingly, additional SPR binding experiments showed that the efficiency of formation of ternary complexes between the BCMA x CD16a dual engager and soluble forms of CD16a and BCMA were dependent on the order in which the proteins were injected, suggesting functional interference. However, functional evaluation of the dual engager using cell-based assays demonstrated dose-dependent and BCMA-specific activation of both engineered CD16a+ Jurkat reporter cells and donor-derived NK cells co-cultured with BCMA+ multiple myeloma MM.1s cells. In contrast to the SPR-based ternary complex formation experiments, equal levels of NK cell activation were achieved regardless of the order in which MM.1s cells, NK cells and dual engager were added to the co-culture. Further, reporter cell activation was not inhibited in presence of high levels of IgG-Fc, supporting AlphaFold 3 modelling experiments suggesting a binding site for 34a-A11 on CD16a is distal from the Fc binding site. Binding specificity profiling of the BCMA x CD16a dual engager across > 6,000 human membrane and secreted proteins confirmed selective binding to CD16a, CD16b, and BCMA. Taken together, these results establish 34a-A11 as a methionine-free, second-generation anti-CD16a affibody for broad use as the CD16a-binding arm in recombinantly or synthetically produced NK cell engagers.

Keywords
affibody, CD16a, BCMA, NK cell engager, NK cells, multiple myeloma
National Category
Biochemistry Molecular Biology
Research subject
Biotechnology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-372273 (URN)
Available from: 2025-10-31 Created: 2025-10-31 Last updated: 2025-11-03
4. Killing from within: Small non-immunoglobulin based dual engagers mediate efficient killing of NK-cell infiltrated breast cancer cells in a 3D spheroid tumor model
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Killing from within: Small non-immunoglobulin based dual engagers mediate efficient killing of NK-cell infiltrated breast cancer cells in a 3D spheroid tumor model
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Immunotherapies have transformed the treatment landscape for hematological malignancies, yet their efficacy in solid tumors remains limited due to poor drug penetration and restricted immune cell access. Full-length IgG antibodies, such anti-HER2 trastuzumab, rely on antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), but often fail to penetrate into tumor masses due to their size and the binding-site barrier effect. To overcome these limitations, we developed two small (15–16 kDa) non-immunoglobulin (non-Ig) natural killer (NK) cell dual engagers, based on affibody and ADAPT scaffold proteins, designed to simultaneously bind HER2 on tumor cells and CD16a on NK cells. Both dual engager constructs were expressed in E. coli and shown by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) to retain high-affinity, simultaneous binding to HER2 and CD16a. Reporter cell assays confirmed potent and HER2-dependent CD16a activation, with half-maximal effective concentrations (EC50) in the low nanomolar range, comparable to that of anti-HER2 trastuzumab. In a 3D spheroid breast cancer model, the dual engagers demonstrated markedly deeper tumor penetration than trastuzumab, consistent with their smaller size and lower susceptibility to binding-site restriction. Functionally, they induced rapid and complete NK cell-mediated lysis of HER2+ spheroids, whereas trastuzumab treatment resulted in slower and incomplete spheroid lysis. Combination studies further revealed synergistic cytotoxicity effects when dual engagers were paired with trastuzumab, or with each other, particularly when their binding sites on HER2 and CD16a did not overlap. The most pronounced effect was observed with the affibody-based dual engager combined with trastuzumab, leading to faster and more complete spheroid elimination than either reagent alone. Together, these results demonstrate that small, modular NK cell dual engagers efficiently penetrate solid tumor models, activate NK cells, and induce potent antitumor activity. Our findings support non-Ig scaffold-based NK cell engagers as a promising platform for next-generation solid tumor immunotherapy and in combination strategies with existing antibody-based therapeutics.

Keywords
CD16a, FcgRIIIa, HER2, NK cells, immunotherapy, solid tumor, 3D spheroids
National Category
Molecular Biology Biochemistry
Research subject
Biotechnology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-372274 (URN)
Available from: 2025-10-31 Created: 2025-10-31 Last updated: 2025-11-03

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4142434445464744 of 285
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