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Coordinated Beamforming for Multi-cell ISAC using Graph Neural Networks
Hebei Key Laboratory of Space-Air-Ground Intelligent Communication, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Convergence Networks and Ubiquitous Services, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0094-8948
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Network and Systems Engineering. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Centres, Digital futures.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9810-3478
2026 (English)In: IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, ISSN 1536-1276, E-ISSN 1558-2248, Vol. 25, p. 5876-5889Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This paper proposes a coordinated beamforming scheme for a multi-cell integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) system. A target-centric graph is constructed, with the coordinate system centered at the detection target. Specifically, base stations (BSs) and users are represented as nodes, with their coordinates serving as node features, while channel realizations between nodes are modeled as edge features. To evaluate sensing performance, the Neyman-Pearson detector is employed to compute the detection probability for a fixed false alarm probability. The optimization problem is formulated to maximize the detection probability of the target at the origin while ensuring QoS communication requirements and satisfying the transmit power budget. This sensing-centric problem is addressed using graph neural networks (GNNs), which generate parameterized policies for coordinated beamforming. The GNNs are trained via primal-dual approach, leveraging a small duality gap for efficient convergence. Additionally, specific layers are utilized to generate user association policies for communication links, enabling efficient processing of the graph-structured data after sparsity enhancement. Simulation results validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed GNN-based approach in achieving high detection probability.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2026. Vol. 25, p. 5876-5889
Keywords [en]
coordinated beamforming, graph neural networks, Integrated sensing and communication, unsupervised learning
National Category
Signal Processing Communication Systems Telecommunications Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-372568DOI: 10.1109/TWC.2025.3621437ISI: 001659563700032Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105019963426OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-372568DiVA, id: diva2:2012839
Note

QC 20260123

Available from: 2025-11-10 Created: 2025-11-10 Last updated: 2026-01-23Bibliographically approved

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Liu, XiangnanFischione, Carlo

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