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Numerical Investigations of Secondary Flows in Low-Pressure Turbines
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre.ORCID iD: 0009-0000-5273-7483
2025 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Sustainable development
SDG 9: Industry, innovation and infrastructure
Abstract [en]

This thesis is concerned with the study of secondary flows in low-pressure turbines. Secondary flows refer to the vortical structures that arise due to the presence of the walls onto which turbine blades are attached in an engine. The losses caused by secondary flows can contribute up to a third of the total losses of a turbine. The tools used by turbomachinery designers are still not able reliably quantify the losses associated with secondary flows across a wide range of inflow parameters. Unfortunately, secondary flows are highly dependent on inflow conditions, and particularly so on the state of the incoming end-wall boundary layer. We carried out high-fidelity numerical simulations with varying inflow conditions to better understand the effect of such variations on turbine losses. Three simulations at an exit Reynolds number of 150,000 with different inflows are considered: one case with a laminar boundary layer, one case with added free-stream turbulence (FST), and one case with a turbulent boundary layer and FST. The turbulent profile is taken from experiments and is representative of an engine-like environment. First, we analyzed the effect of varying inflow conditions on the flow field around the turbine blade. Away from the wall, FST delays separation on the suction side and dampens the large scale vortex shedding at mid-span. We observed that FST did not affect the overall picture of secondary flow losses at the outflow. Outflow losses were strongly affected by changes in inflow endwall boundary layer, where two loss cores were observed for the laminar boundary layer, while only one loss core was present for the turbulent boundary layer. In general, secondary flow structure formation and development through the passage was also significantly affected by changes in boundary layer. We applied proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) to the three cases and found that any type of reduced-order modelling for secondary flows was not applicable and that a wide range of modes was needed to capture all of the energy of the flow. Finally, we computed total pressure loss contributions across POD modes and in various regions of the domain. We found that loss production is spread out across all modes. Within the endwall region, we found that the passage vortex was responsible for most of the losses across the blade passage.

Abstract [sv]

Denna avhandling handlar om sekundära flöden i lågtrycksturbiner, som är en av de viktiga komponenter som finns i gasturbiner och flygplansmotorer. Sekundära flöden syftar på de virvelstrukturer som bildas på grund av effekten av väggen där turbinbladet är fäst. Förlusterna som orsakas av sekundära flöden kan bidra upp till en tredjedel av de totala förlusterna i en turbin. De numeriska verktyg som används för att designa turbiner har fortfarande svårt med att kvantifiera sekundära förluster på ett tillförlitligt sätt, över olika inflödesvillkor. Sekundära flöden och dess förluster är starkt beroende på inflödesvillkor och särskilt på inkommande gränssiktet vid väggen. I denna avhandling använder vi högupplösta numeriska simuleringar av ett turbinblad med väggar för att försöka förstå hur olika inflödesvillkor påverkar förluster i turbinen. Vi betraktar tre olika fall, två fall med ett laminärt gränsskikt, med och utan friströmsturbulens (FST), och ett fall med ett turbulent gränsskikt och FST. Den turbulenta profilen är tagen från experiment och är representativ av ett gränsskikt som skulle hittas i en riktig motor. Alla simuleringar är utförda baserat på ett utlopp-Reynoldstal av 150,000. Vi analyserade först effekten av varierande inflödesvillkor på själva strömningen runt bladet. Borta från väggen ser vi att FST fördröjer separation på sugsidan och dämpar den storskaliga virvelavlösningen som sker på bakkanten. Vi märkte att FST hade ingen effekt på sekundära flöden och den övergripande bilden av förluster vid avloppet. För olika gränsskikt såg vi att förlusterna vid avloppet visade olika antal toppar, två för det laminära, och en för det turbulenta. Bildningen och utvecklingen av sekundära strukturer genom passagen påverkades betydligt mycket av förändringar i gränsskiktet. Vi tillämpade proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) för att försöka identifiera turbulenta strukturer i strömningen och såg att lågordningsmodellering för vå ra fall var inte lämplig. På grund av de kaotiska turbulenta fluktuationer i strömningen såg vi att ett stort antal moder behövdes för att fånga all energi i strömningen. Slutligen kunde vi använda POD för att analysera förluster för enskilda POD moder och tittade på distributionen av förluster över alla POD moder. Vi märkte att förlust produceras inte bara av låga moder, utan är utspridd över alla moder. Inom områ det nära väggen såg vi att passage virveln var ansvarig för huvuddelen av de förlusterna i turbin passagen.

Abstract [fr]

Cette thèse porte sur l'étude d'écoulements secondaires dans des turbines à basse pression, que l'on trouve dans les moteurs d'avion. Dans une turbine à basse pression, les "écoulements secondaires" sont les structures tourbillonnaires qui se créent à la jonction entre la paroi sur laquelle une pale turbine est fixée et la pale elle-même. Les pertes causées par ces écoulements secondaires peuvent atteindre jusqu'à 30% des pertes totales dans une turbine. L'efficacité des outils de modélisation pour la conception de turbomachines varie de façon significative lorsqu'il s'agit de quantifier les pertes secondaires, qui dépendent fortement des conditions d'entrée et plus particulièrement de la couche limite sur la paroi. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous avons réalisé des simulations numériques directes d'aubes de turbine basse pression avec des parois pour comprendre comment certaines conditions d'entrées affectent les écoulements et pertes secondaires. Nous nous intéressons à deux cas avec une couche limite laminaire, avec et sans turbulence de champ libre, et un cas avec une couche limite turbulente avec de la turbulence de champ libre. Nous avons d'abord regardé l'influence des conditions d'entrée sur l'écoulement autour de l'aube. Loin de la paroi, la turbulence de champ libre a deux effets: le retard de la formation de la bulle de séparation sur l'extrados et l'atténuation des structures tourbillonnaires au bord de fuite. La turbulence de champ libre n'a pas d'effet remarquable sur la structure des écoulements secondaires et sur les pertes de pression à la sortie. La formation et le développement de structures secondaires est fortement affecté par la couche limite sur la paroi en amont. Enfin, nous avons appliqué la décomposition orthogonal aux valeurs propres (POD) pour tenter d'identifier des structures cohérentes turbulentes. Le niveau élevé de turbulence dans les trois cas nécessite un grand nombre de modes pour capturer l'énergie de l'écoulement. Nous utilisons la POD pour obtenir une distribution modale des pertes, et dans diverses régions du domaine de simulation. Nous observons que tous les modes contribuent à la production de pertes et pas seulement pour les modes d'ordre faible qui sont les plus énergétiques. D'autre part, nous observons que dans la région proche de la paroi, le tourbillon de est la région qui contribue le plus aux pertes.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. , p. 115
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2025:67
Keywords [en]
Fluid mechanics, low-pressure turbines, data-driven methods, secondary flows, proper orthogonal decomposition, loss decomposition
Keywords [fr]
Mécanique des fluides, turbines à basse pression, écoulements secondaires, décomposition orthogonale aux valeurs propres, décomposition de pertes
Keywords [sv]
Strömningsmekanik, lågtrycksturbin, data-drivna metoder, sekundära strömningar, proper orthogonal decomposition, förlustuppdelning
National Category
Fluid Mechanics
Research subject
Engineering Mechanics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-373044ISBN: 978-91-8106-478-0 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-373044DiVA, id: diva2:2014980
Presentation
2025-12-12, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/62659971159, D2, Lindstedtsvägen 5, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 251120

Available from: 2025-11-20 Created: 2025-11-19 Last updated: 2025-12-08Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Investigation of the Dynamics of Secondary Flow Vortex Systems in Low-Pressure Turbines Using Direct Numerical Simulation
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Investigation of the Dynamics of Secondary Flow Vortex Systems in Low-Pressure Turbines Using Direct Numerical Simulation
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2025 (English)In: Proceedings of ASME Turbo Expo 2025: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition, GT 2025, ASME International , 2025, article id V012T36A005Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

In this work, Direct Numerical Simulation is performed on a low-pressure turbine blade with parallel end-walls, in a linear cascade environment at an exit Reynolds number of 1.5 · 105. Our simulations are performed with Neko, a framework for high-order spectral elements for heterogeneous computing architectures. Secondary flow structures and associated losses are presented in configurations with and without free-stream turbulence and with a Blasius boundary layer inflow profile. Instantaneous and mean flow visualizations validate the classical secondary flow structures reported in the literature. The results highlight strong vortex cores at the outflow and large contributions to losses from the passage vortex and trailing shed vortex (or counter vortex). The application of turbulent structures at the inflow does not affect the formation of the horseshoe vortex nor the vortex cores at the outlet, but still suppresses the shedding at midspan. Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) is applied to provide an overall picture of the flow structures in the entire domain. Without free-stream turbulence, the most energetic modes are found to be linked to the shedding at mid span and the secondary flow structures. Fourier analysis of the POD times series show low frequencies associated with the secondary structures. POD modes for the simulation with free-stream turbulence shows identical secondary flow structures, with additional streamwise-elongated streaky structures in the blade boundary layer and without any modes related to shedding.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
ASME International, 2025
Keywords
Direct Numerical Simulation, Low-Pressure Turbines, Proper Orthogonal Decomposition, Secondary Flows
National Category
Fluid Mechanics Energy Engineering
Research subject
Engineering Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-370454 (URN)10.1115/GT2025-151623 (DOI)2-s2.0-105014734713 (Scopus ID)
Conference
70th ASME Turbo Expo 2025: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition, GT 2025, Memphis, United States of America, June 16-20, 2025
Note

Part of ISBN 9780791888889

QC 20250930

Available from: 2025-09-30 Created: 2025-09-30 Last updated: 2025-11-28Bibliographically approved
2. Data-driven Loss Decomposition of Secondary Flows in Low-Pressure Turbines
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Data-driven Loss Decomposition of Secondary Flows in Low-Pressure Turbines
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

 The presence of the end-walls in low-pressure turbines creates a system of secondary flow vortices which can make up for about a third of total losses. Secondary flows and their associated losses are highly dependent on the shape of the incoming end-wall boundary layer. This work considers Direct Numerical Simulation of a low-pressure turbine blade with parallel end-walls at an exit Reynolds number of under three different inflow conditions. The three inflow conditions include variations in end-wall boundary layer, considering two cases with a laminar boundary layer, with and without the presence of free-stream disturbances, and one case with a turbulent boundary layer and free-stream turbulence. Mid-span pressure coefficient distributions are validated against experiments. The effects of free-stream turbulence and boundary layer state are described and compared from an instantaneous and mean flow perspective. The laminar boundary layer features a wider horseshoe vortex whose pressure side leg strongly feeds the passage vortex, a clear separation line downstream of which the end-wall boundary layer resets, and two peaks in loss cores at the outflow due to the trailing shed vortex. For the turbulent boundary layer, the horseshoe vortex is much thinner resulting in a weaker passage vortex whose migration through the passage is changed, causing only one loss core at the outflow. The effect of free-stream turbulence on the suction side separation bubble is also considered and validated against previous literature. Proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) is applied and analysis of spatial and temporal modes reveals distinct deterministic features related to shedding, with clear frequency peaks, and more stochastic flow features spread out across a wide range of modes. It is observed that large scale vortex shedding at mid span is suppressed by the free-stream turbulence. The total pressure loss coefficient is computed across POD modes with increasingly finer subdivisions of the volume integration domain, enabling the isolation of distinct flow feature at the endwall. For all cases, the total pressure loss in the endwall region is higher than mid-span losses. Modes that exhibit shedding structures cause peaks in total loss coefficient. Loss production is still high for high-order modes which highlights the difficulties of low-order modeling in such configurations.  In the endwall region, the passage vortex is the largest contributor of losses. In the wake of the endwall region, downstream of the trailing edge, the largest amount of losses is created for high-order modes. The case with a turbulent boundary layer has the lowest total loss coefficient in magnitude.

National Category
Fluid Mechanics
Research subject
Aerospace Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-373041 (URN)
Note

QC 20251118

Available from: 2025-11-17 Created: 2025-11-17 Last updated: 2025-11-19Bibliographically approved
3. Neko --- A Portable and Scalable Framework for Spectral Element Flow Simulations: Version 1.0
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Neko --- A Portable and Scalable Framework for Spectral Element Flow Simulations: Version 1.0
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Neko is a spectral-element solver for computational fluid dynamics, capable of running on all popular compute backends and distinguished by its excellent parallel performance on both CPUs and GPUs. Here, we present version 1.0 of this software, which represents another milestone in its maturity. Crucial advancements in functionality, such as turbulence modeling, computing statistics, and field interpolation, have been implemented. This is complemented by vastly expanded possibilities for adding custom user code and a C-based API that can also be used for driving Neko simulations using Python or Julia.  We supplement the description of new features with a brief discussion of Neko's overall design, and some key performance figures demonstrating its parallel efficiency.  As of this release, Neko is a full-fledged solver for incompressible fluid flow, ready to be used for advanced research on turbulent flows.

National Category
Computer Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-373042 (URN)
Note

QC 20251128

Available from: 2025-11-17 Created: 2025-11-17 Last updated: 2025-11-28Bibliographically approved

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