kth.sePublications KTH
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf
Neutron Scattering-Based Characterisation of Early-Stage Phase Transformations: Applied to Duplex Stainless Steels and Related Systems
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Hultgren Laboratory for Materials Characterisation. KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Centres, Neutron och röntgenvetenskap för industriella transformationer (NEXT).ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8652-5128
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Sustainable development
SDG 9: Industry, innovation and infrastructure, SDG 12: Responsible consumption and production
Abstract [en]

 Stainless steels are employed in a wide range of applications, spanning everyday household items, such as kitchen appliances, to advanced aerospace technologies, including space rockets. This range of applications is connected to the intimate link between the structure and properties of a material, influenced by the processing conditions. Duplex stainless steels, which consist of a mixture of the body centred cubic ferrite phase and the face centred cubic austenite phase, are used in highly corrosive environments under high stress. These alloys are prone to changes in the microstructure during service due to phase separation of the ferrite at elevated temperatures which limits their service life. Strategies to mitigate these microstructural changes caused by decomposition and delay embrittlement are of great interest for both economic and sustainability reasons. In this thesis, the effect of intermediate heat treatments on phase separation kinetics has been explored using in situ small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) to follow the evolution of the nanostructure. SANS is an established method for studying phase separation, and is well-suited for characterization of phase separation in stainless steels. During phase separation, a characteristic correlation peak develops in the SANS signal. The peak position and intensity are related to the wavelength and amplitude of decomposition in the sample, and the peak profile is often extracted with the help of models or peak fitting. To capture the earliest stages of the decomposition, the methodology was refined to account for the change of the structure factor induced by the changes in morphology during the ageing treatment. Using this new approach, the change in phase transformation kinetics due to the applied intermediate heat treatments was quantified, showing up to 60 % decrease in the SANS correlation peak amplitude, directly related to the amplitude of decomposition in the alloy. During the intermediate heat treatments, sigma phase precipitation was observed during some of the conditions. Sigma phase is a brittle intermetallic phase that needs to be avoided during processing, in order to not compromise the mechanical properties of the alloy. To investigate the kinetics of sigma phase formation in order to avoid it during the proposed heat treatments, it was studied in a model alloy as well as in a commercial alloy using in situ neutron diffraction. The study highlighted the complexity of predictive modelling and the limitations of the precipitation theory approach, in the same time showing good agreement with equilibrium calculations regarding formation of sigma phase but not other intermetallics. To gain further understanding of the mechanism of the delay of embrittlement caused by the intermediate heat treatments, pair distribution function (PDF) analysis of neutron total scattering data on model binary alloys was utilised. Due to the bulk characteristics of the material, texture effects were found during the analysis. The effect of texture on PDF analysis was investigated, showing a large influence over the results that could be extracted from a large-box model, limiting the conclusions that could be drawn from the local structure investigation.

Abstract [sv]

Rostfria stål används inom ett brett spektrum av tillämpningar, i allt från vardagliga hushållsartiklar såsom bestick, till avancerade tillämpningar inom flyg- och rymdindustrin, inklusive rymdraketer. Detta breda användningsområde hänger samman med den nära kopplingen mellan ett materials struktur och dess egenskaper, vilka påverkas av bearbetningen som ett material utsätts för. Duplexa rostfria stål, som består av den rymdcentrerade kubiska fasen ferrit, samt den ytcentrerade kubiska fasen austenit, används i starkt korrosiva miljöer under hög belastning. Dessa legeringar har en benägenhet för mikrostrukturella förändringar orsakade av fasseparation av ferriten vid förhöjda temperaturer, vilket begränsar legeringens livslängd. Strategier för att motverka dessa mikrostrukturella förändringar orsakade av ferritens sönderfall för att fördröja försprödning av legeringen är av stort intresse både av ekonomiska och hållbarhetsmässiga skäl. I denna avhandling har effekten av intermediära värmebehandlingar på fasseparationens kinetik undersökts med hjälp av in situ lågvinkelneutronspridning (SANS) för att följa nanostrukturens utveckling. SANS är en etablerad metod för att undersöka fasseparation, och passar bra för att undersöka fasseparation i rostfria stål. Under fasseparationen utvecklas en karaktäristisk korrelationstopp i SANS-signalen. Positionen och intensiteten av denna topp relaterar till separationens våglängd och amplitud, och för att härleda informationen från toppens profil utvinns informationen med modeller eller genom kurvanpassning. För att fånga de tidigaste stadierna av sönderfallet förfinades metodiken för att beakta förändringar i strukturfaktorn som orsakas av morfologiska förändringar under åldringsbehandlingen. Med detta nya angreppssätt kunde förändringen i fasomvandlingskinetiken på grund av de tillämpade intermediära värmebehandlingarna kvantifieras, vilket visade upp till 60 % minskning i SANS-korrelationstoppens amplitud, direkt relaterad till fasseparationens omfattning i legeringen. Under de intermediära värmebehandlingarna observerades utskiljning av sigmafas under vissa förhållanden. Sigmafasen är en spröd intermetallisk fas vars utskiljning bör undvikas under tillverkningsprocessen för att inte äventyra materialets mekaniska egenskaper. För att undersöka kinetiken för sigmafasbildning, i syfte att undvika utskiljning under de föreslagna värmebehandlingarna, studerades den både i en modelllegering och i en kommersiell legering med hjälp av in situ neutrondiffraktion. Studien framhävde komplexiteten för en god modellbeskrivning och begränsningarna för den tillämpade utskiljningsteorin med avseende på sigmafasens tillväxt i dess initiala tillstånd, samtidigt som den visade god överensstämmelse med jämviktsberäkningar vad gäller bildningen av sigmafas men inte för andra intermetaller. För att få en djupare förståelse av mekanismen bakom fördröjningen av fasseparation som en effekt av de intermediära värmebehandlingarna användes parfördelningsfunktionsanalys (PDF) av total neutronspridningsdata på binära modelllegeringar. På grund av materialets bulkform upptäcktes effekter kopplade till textur under analysen. Effekten av textur på PDF-analys undersöktes och visade sig ha stort inflytande över de resultat som kunde utvinnas från en large box-modell, vilket begränsade de slutsatser som kunde dras från undersökningen av den lokala strukturen.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. , p. 103
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2025:45
Keywords [en]
Duplex stainless steel, Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), total scattering, pair distribution function, local order, phase transformation kinetics, phase separation
Keywords [sv]
Duplexa rostfria stål, neutronlågvinkelspridning, total spridning, parfördelninsfunktion, lokal ordning, fasomvandlingskinetik, fasseparation
National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Research subject
Materials Science and Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-372672ISBN: 978-91-8106-436-0 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-372672DiVA, id: diva2:2017126
Public defence
2025-12-19, U1 / https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/64593578374, Brinellvägen 26, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, GSn15-0008Available from: 2025-11-27 Created: 2025-11-27 Last updated: 2025-12-16Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. On the Modeling of Small-Angle Neutron Scattering Data to Analyze the Early Stage of Phase Separation in Fe-Cr-based Alloys
Open this publication in new window or tab >>On the Modeling of Small-Angle Neutron Scattering Data to Analyze the Early Stage of Phase Separation in Fe-Cr-based Alloys
Show others...
2025 (English)In: Metallography, Microstructure, and Analysis, ISSN 2192-9262, Vol. 14, no 1, p. 59-67Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) is a valuable method for the analysis of phase decomposition in Fe-Cr alloys; however, quantification of the decomposition requires careful modeling of the scattering data considering factors such as interface character and short-range order. Here, we quantify the phase decomposition in a high-performance super duplex stainless steel in situ during accelerated aging in the early stage of decomposition by modifying a previously suggested quantitative SANS data modeling method. The proposed revised method can accurately model the SANS data and paves the way for revisiting the detailed phase decomposition kinetics in situ during aging in various Fe-Cr-based alloys.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature, 2025
National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-367128 (URN)10.1007/s13632-024-01156-0 (DOI)001375462100001 ()2-s2.0-86000378774 (Scopus ID)
Funder
KTH Royal Institute of TechnologySwedish Foundation for Strategic Research, GSn15-0008
Note

QC 20250718

Available from: 2025-07-15 Created: 2025-07-15 Last updated: 2025-11-27Bibliographically approved
2. Kinetics of Phase Separation in Super Duplex Stainless Steel 2507 Revealed by In Situ Neutron Scattering for Various Intermediate Heat Treatments
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Kinetics of Phase Separation in Super Duplex Stainless Steel 2507 Revealed by In Situ Neutron Scattering for Various Intermediate Heat Treatments
Show others...
2025 (English)In: Metallurgical and Materials Transactions. A, ISSN 1073-5623, E-ISSN 1543-1940, Vol. 56, no 9, p. 4082-4091Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In duplex stainless steels (DSSs), phase separation of iron and chromium is a well-known phenomenon causing low-temperature embrittlement, which greatly limits the lifetime of components in service conditions at temperatures above 250 °C–300 °C. Hence, means of mitigating the underlying phase separation causing this embrittlement is highly interesting to extend the service life of DSSs in certain applications. In this work, we investigate the effect of intermediate heat treatments (5 minutes annealing at temperatures between 700 °C and 900 °C), performed after the conventional solution treatment, on the kinetics of phase separation super duplex stainless steel 2507. Using in situ small-angle neutron scattering at accelerated aging conditions (i.e., aging at 475 °C), we show that the application of intermediate heat treatments, which change the “initial state” of the material, can slow down development of the concentration fluctuation amplitude by up to 65 pct during aging inside the miscibility gap. This indicates great potential to delay the embrittlement process of duplex stainless steel. All intermediate heat treatments, conducted prior to aging, change the phase separation kinetics but to different extent. The 800 °C intermediate heat treatment shows the largest reduction in phase separation kinetics as compared to the reference sample. This sample also correspondingly shows the lowest hardness increase after aging. These findings show that intermediate heat treatments can be effective to reduce phase separation kinetics in duplex stainless steel and thus mitigate low-temperature embrittlement during service. The origin of the intermediate temperature treatment effect on phase separation kinetics is discussed in relation to the short-range atomic order introduced during intermediate heat treatment, prior to accelerated low-temperature aging.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature, 2025
National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-367129 (URN)10.1007/s11661-025-07906-1 (DOI)001527889000001 ()2-s2.0-105010641209 (Scopus ID)
Funder
KTH Royal Institute of TechnologySwedish Foundation for Strategic Research, GSn15-0008
Available from: 2025-07-15 Created: 2025-07-15 Last updated: 2025-11-27Bibliographically approved
3. Kinetics of sigma phase formation in an FeCrNi0.05 alloy and DSS2507 studied by in situ neutron diffraction
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Kinetics of sigma phase formation in an FeCrNi0.05 alloy and DSS2507 studied by in situ neutron diffraction
Show others...
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Formation of brittle intermetallics, such as sigma phase, in duplex stainless steels limits the processing window of such alloys. Recent studies show that short heat treatments in the sigma phase forming region for duplex stainless steels might have beneficial effects for retardation of embrittlement in service of such alloys, however, uttermost care must be taken to avoid the precipitation of sigma phase for maintained mechanical properties. Thus, sigma phase precipitation has been studied via in situ neutron diffraction for a model ternary alloy and duplex stainless steel 2507. Attempts of reflecting the experimental results through precipitation simulations show that the initial precipitation is not well described within the current framework, however, the equilibrium calculations agree well with the equilibrium state in the experiments.

National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-372670 (URN)
Funder
Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, GSn15 - 0008
Note

QC 20251112

Available from: 2025-11-11 Created: 2025-11-11 Last updated: 2025-11-27Bibliographically approved
4. Effect of crystallographic texture on pair distribution function analysis in engineering materials
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Effect of crystallographic texture on pair distribution function analysis in engineering materials
Show others...
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Physical properties of alloys are known to be affected by local order on the atomic scale;however, since this structural feature appears on sub-nanometer to nanometer scale,characterization of it is inherently challenging. Interest in local order in metallic systems hasincreased in recent years, driven by the development of increasingly compositionally complexalloys and observation of phenomena that cannot be explained by microstructural changesalone. One way to study local order is through the total scattering technique, an extension ofpowder diffraction where Bragg scattering and diffuse scattering are analyzed, often primarilythrough the pair distribution function. The calculation of a pair distribution function assumesan ideal powder with randomly oriented crystallites (i.e., without texture), which is rarely thecase for conventionally processed engineering materials. Texture has numerically been shownto affect an arbitrary pair distribution function, but the effect has not been explored in depthacross different alloy systems. In this work, we investigate the effect of texture on pairdistribution functions for typical engineering materials through simulations, validate thesimulation results with experimental data, and investigate potential artificial short-range ordereffects that may arise in large box models when texture is present. We show that different typesof texture introduce perturbations in real space, which in turn affect model fitting within theReverse Monte Carlo modelling framework.

Keywords
Short-range order; Short-range ordering; Texture; Pair-correlation function; Diffraction
National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials Condensed Matter Physics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-372671 (URN)
Funder
Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, GSn15-0008
Note

QC 20251112

Available from: 2025-11-11 Created: 2025-11-11 Last updated: 2025-11-27Bibliographically approved

Open Access in DiVA

fulltext(22527 kB)156 downloads
File information
File name FULLTEXT01.pdfFile size 22527 kBChecksum SHA-512
21cd3d58e7617d82803ee7d0492bd658eb601b9129eba664304e867d0fffc2363cf32244f03852f043e4a0b225493c911772c43da3909e0776f0ab0adefab8a1
Type fulltextMimetype application/pdf

Search in DiVA

By author/editor
Rolinska, Monika
By organisation
Hultgren Laboratory for Materials CharacterisationNeutron och röntgenvetenskap för industriella transformationer (NEXT)
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials

Search outside of DiVA

GoogleGoogle Scholar
The number of downloads is the sum of all downloads of full texts. It may include eg previous versions that are now no longer available

isbn
urn-nbn

Altmetric score

isbn
urn-nbn
Total: 1364 hits
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf