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Cell-Free ISAC Systems: Learning-Based Channel Estimation and Coordinated Beamforming
University of Science and Technology Beijing, Hebei Key Laboratory of Space-Air-Ground Intelligent Communication and Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Convergence Networks and Ubiquitous Services, Beijing, China.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0094-8948
Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, College of Astronautics, Nanjing, China.
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Network and Systems Engineering. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Centres, Digital futures.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9810-3478
2026 (English)In: IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking, E-ISSN 2332-7731, Vol. 12, p. 4702-4715Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This paper investigates a cell-free multiple-input multiple-output integrated sensing and communications (ISAC) system, focusing on channel estimation and coordinated beamforming while minimizing system overhead. To achieve this, we jointly optimize pilot sequences during channel estimation and coordinated beamforming during data transmission to enable more efficient target detection. Specifically, at the central processing unit, we employ a Transformer for channel estimation and a graph neural network (GNN) for coordinated beamforming. First, we propose a time-division duplexing protocol for channel estimation and coarse target detection. A supervised learning approach is adopted to approximate the optimal solution, leveraging a well-trained dataset. Second, we model the cell-free ISAC network topology as a heterogeneous graph, comprising different types of nodes and edges, and employ a GNN-based approach for coordinated beamforming. Both learning models are trained offline and deployed online. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed schemes in terms of channel estimation accuracy, target detection performance, and quality of communication signals.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2026. Vol. 12, p. 4702-4715
Keywords [en]
cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output, channel estimation, coordinated beamforming, Integrated sensing and communication
National Category
Signal Processing Communication Systems Telecommunications
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-373733DOI: 10.1109/TCCN.2025.3633745ISI: 001662935900011Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105022753125OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-373733DiVA, id: diva2:2019635
Note

QC 20260123

Available from: 2025-12-08 Created: 2025-12-08 Last updated: 2026-01-23Bibliographically approved

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Fischione, Carlo

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