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Premelting in dissolution of cemented carbides
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Properties.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3726-9869
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Properties.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9920-5393
2025 (English)In: Physical Review Materials, E-ISSN 2475-9953, Vol. 9, no 10, article id 103404Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The dissolution behavior of tungsten carbide (WC) particles in liquid cobalt is investigated using ab initio and classical molecular-dynamics calculations. It turns out that at the atomic level there is a complex interplay between surface properties, bulk diffusion, and dissolution. It is found that carbon-rich shells form around dissolving WC particles, creating a semidissolved state. The dissolution process is decelerated by trapping carbon atoms via the formation of carbon-carbon bonds, both on the surface of dissolving particles and in the surrounding semidissolved shell. Upon reaching a critical particle radius, the dissolution rate sharply increases, driven by changes in the number of carbon-carbon bonds, resulting in a premelting behavior. The existence of a semidissolved shell and premelting behavior advance our understanding of dissolution mechanisms at the atomic scale and can be applicable for controlling dissolution processes that are an important part of coarsening of WC particles, a phenomenon taking place during cemented carbide manufacturing.

 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Physical Society (APS) , 2025. Vol. 9, no 10, article id 103404
National Category
Materials Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-373824DOI: 10.1103/35tp-fss7ISI: 001613264900003Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105022974917OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-373824DiVA, id: diva2:2020518
Funder
Vinnova, 2016-00668KTH Royal Institute of TechnologySwedish Research Council, 2022-06725Swedish Research Council, 2018-05973
Note

QC 20251215

Available from: 2025-12-10 Created: 2025-12-10 Last updated: 2025-12-22Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Atomic Scale Investigation of Defects in High-Performance Materials
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Atomic Scale Investigation of Defects in High-Performance Materials
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Transition metal carbides of groups 4 and 5 (TiC, ZrC, HfC, VC, NbC, TaC) with the rocksalt (B1) structure are critical refractory materials for extreme temperature applications due to their exceptional hardness, high melting points, and thermal stability. This high-temperature behavior governed by point defects and diffusion has long been preplexing, with experimental metal self-diffusion activation energies ( 7.5 eV in TiC and ZrC) and anomalously high prefactors (entropy 10–14.5 𝑘𝐵 in TiC)conflicting with traditional ab initio predictions assuming unreconstructed vacancies.

This thesis focuses on these discrepancies through systematic density functional theory (DFT) investigations, revealing that metal vacancies in group 4 and certain group 5 carbides spontaneously reconstruct by displacing neighboring carbon atoms to form strong C–C bonds. A combinatorial enumeration in TiC identified a rich landscape of reconstructed configurations, with the ground-state structure featuring a planar graphene-like C dimer lowering the Ti vacancy formation energy by 3.5 eV relative to the unreconstructed state. This reconstruction dramatically reduces Schottky defect formation energies from 7–8 eV (unreconstructed) to 3.98 eV (TiC), 6.08 eV (ZrC), 7.14 eV (HfC), and 1.97 eV (VC), while NbC and TaC retain unreconstructed vacancies ( 2.7 eV). Trends across the MeX (X = C, N, O) series correlate with valence electron count and bond covalency. Ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) at 1500–3000 K demonstrate that the C-dimer in the 2G structure undergoes thermally activated rotation above 1500 K, periodically opening the vacancy site and enabling Ti jumps into metastable open configurations with migration barriers of 3.5–4.0 eV. The resulting activation energy of 7.5 eV in agreement with experimental values. The anomalously high diffusion entropy arises from the large configurational and vibrational entropy of the reconstructed vacancy ensemble, particularly the dimer’s rotational degree of freedom (rotational diffusion coefficient 1.5 × 1012 s−1 at 2500 K) and numerous low-energy C-bonded metastable states. Reconstruction also induces strong short range repulsion between vacancies,preventing clustering and restoring the classical dissociated Schottky picture contrary to earlier cluster-based models. These findings establish a monovacancy mediated diffusion mechanism driven by dynamic carbon reconstruction as the dominant metal transport pathway in group 4 carbides. The insights are extended to technologically vital WC–Co cemented carbides, where vacancy-reconstruction-mediated processes at the surface of WC particles and WC/Co interfaces control Ostwald ripening,abnormal grain growth, and phase stability during liquid-phase sintering. The reconstructed vacancy framework provides a new atomic-scale foundation for defect engineering of refractory carbides, enabling predictive modeling of creep, sintering,and microstructural evolution in ultra-high-temperature ceramics and cemented carbides for aerospace, nuclear, and cutting-tool applications.

Abstract [sv]

Övergångsmetallkarbider i grupp 4 och 5 (TiC, ZrC, HfC, VC, NbC, TaC) med bergsaltstrukturen (B1) är –tack vare deras exceptionella hårdhet, höga smältpunkter och termiska stabilitet– viktiga eldfasta material för extrema högtemperaturtillämpningar. Detta högtemperaturbeteende, som styrs av punktdefekter och diffusion, har länge varit förbryllande eftersom experimentella aktiveringsenergier för metalsjälvdiffusion ( 7,5 eV i TiC och ZrC) och onormalt höga prefaktorer (entropi 14.5 𝑘𝐵 i TiC) står i konflikt med traditionella ab initio-förutsägelser som pekar på icke-rekonstruerade vakansstrukturer. Denna avhandling fokuserar på dessa avvikelser genom systematiska beräkningar med täthetsfunktionalteori (DFT). De visar att platser där metall är vakant i grupp 4 och vissa grupp 5-karbider spontant rekonstrueras genom att närliggande kolatomer förskjuts och bildar starka C–C-bindningar. En kombinatorisk numrering i TiC identifierade flera rekonstruerade konfigurationer, där grundtillstånds strukturen uppvisar en plan, grafenliknande C-dimer som sänker bildningsenergin för en Ti-vakans med 3,5 eV jämfört med det icke-rekonstruerade tillståndet. Denna rekonstruktion reducerar Schottkydefekternas bildningsenergier drastiskt från 7–8 eV (icke-rekonstruerat) till 3,98 eV (TiC), 6,08 eV (ZrC), 7,14 eV (HfC) och 1,97 eV(VC), medan NbC och TaC bibehåller icke-rekonstruerade vakanser ( 2,7 eV). Trenderöver MeX-serien (X = C, N, O) korrelerar med valenselektrontal och bindningskovalens. Ab initio-molekyldynamik (AIMD) vid 1500–3000 K visar att C-dimern i 2G-strukturen genomgår termiskt aktiverad rotation över 1500 K, vilket periodiskt öppnar en vakant plats och möjliggör Ti-hopp till metastabila öppna konfigurationer med migrationsbarriärer på 3,5–4,0 eV. Den resulterande aktiveringsenergin på 7,5 eV stämmer perfekt överens med experimentellt uppmätta värden. Den onormalt höga diffusionsentropin härrör från den stora konfigurationsoch vibrationsentropin i det rekonstruerade vakans-ensemblet. Särskilt härör den från dimerns rotationsfrihetsgrad (rotationsdiffusionskoefficient 1.5 × 1012 s−1 vid 2500 K) och de många lågenergi C-bindningar i metastabila tillstånd.

Rekonstruktionen inducerar också en stark kortdistansrepulsion mellan vakanser, vilket förhindrar klustring och återställer den klassiska bilden av dissocierade Schottkydefekter – i motsats till tidigare klusterbaserade modeller. Dessa resultat fastställer en monovakansmedierad diffusionsmekanism, driven av dynamisk kolrekonstruktion, som den dominerande vägen för metalltransport i grupp 4-karbider. Insikterna utvidgas till teknologiskt viktiga WC–Co-hårdmetaller, där rekonstruktionsmedierade vakansprocesser vid ytan av WC-partiklar och WC/Co-gränsytor styr Ostwald-mognad, onormal korn-växt och fasstabilitet under sintring i vätskefas. Det rekonstruerade vakansramverket tillhandahåller en ny atomskalig grund för utvärdering av defekter i eldfasta karbider och möjliggör prediktiv modellering av kryp, sintring och mikrostrukturell utveckling i ultrahögtemperaturkeramer och hårdmetaller för rymd-, kärn-och skärverktygstillämpningar.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. p. xvii, 121
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2026:1
National Category
Materials Engineering
Research subject
Materials Science and Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-374648 (URN)978-91-8106-508-4 (ISBN)
Public defence
2026-01-30, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/66026793395, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 8, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2026-01-07 Created: 2025-12-19 Last updated: 2026-01-28Bibliographically approved

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Nourazar, MehdiKorzhavyi, Pavel A.

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