kth.sePublications KTH
Change search
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf
Applications of multiplexed immunoassays for precision medicine
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Protein Science.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9329-2353
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Proteins are molecules that play central roles in almost all biological processes. Their abundance in cells, tissues, and body fluids is dynamic, reflecting both physiological states and disease-related changes. When studying proteins, a major challenge is distinguishing normal biological variation from alterations that indicate early or ongoing disease. Using proteomics, a term that describes measuring hundreds of proteins at the same time, will deepen our understanding of how protein signatures relate to health and disease. This will assist to establish molecular measurements of so-called biomarkers that support precision medicine through earlier detection, better disease stratification, and more individualized treatment strategies. 

In the studies included in this thesis, we applied affinity proteomics techniques to investigate how levels of antibodies and proteins in blood samples related to health and disease and to expand our understanding of protein-protein interactions of drug targets. 

Although proteins can be measured in different sample types, blood offers a minimally invasive window into our body and to measure molecules coming from many organs and biological processes. Home-sampled dried blood spots (DBS) has gained renewed interest due to the recent development of newer and more accurate sampling cards. In several studies included in this thesis, we demonstrate that DBS can be used in the general population sampling without relying on or involving clinical facilities and healthcare resources. In Paper I, we established an analytical procedure for measuring home-sampled DBS for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. In Paper II, we expanded this effort to protein measurements and longitudinal sampling. In Paper III, we showed the importance of even more frequent DBS sampling for capturing the dynamic changes of inflammation-related proteins following infection. This demonstrated how these early changes in DBS protein levels can support the timing of clinical interventions. Together, these findings of our studies highlight the potential of DBS for remote and continuous health monitoring for precision health approaches.

Proteins are also among the most common targets of therapeutic drugs. Still, many proteins interact also with other proteins, and such complexes can critically influence how a drug binds to its target, its therapeutic efficacy, and the risk of side effects. In Paper IV, we established an affinity proteomics workflow for validating binding reagents, which we then applied in Paper V to investigate potential protein-protein interactions of membrane proteins. The gained insights and knowledge can contribute to improve our understanding of biologically relevant protein interactions aiding the development of more selective and effective drug candidates. 

Overall, the studies presented in this thesis contribute with valuable insights to the transition toward precision health by enabling scalable remote sampling and by deepening our understanding of protein interactions relevant to both normal physiology and disease.

Abstract [sv]

Proteiner är molekyler som spelar centrala roller i nästan alla biologiska processer. Deras nivåer i celler, vävnader och kroppsvätskor är dynamiska och speglar både normala fysiologiska tillstånd och sjukdomsrelaterade förändringar. En stor utmaning med att studera proteiner är att kunna skilja normal biologisk variation från förändringar som kan indikera tidig eller pågående sjukdom. Genom att använda proteomik, en term för att beskriva mätningen av hundratals proteiner samtidigt, kan vi fördjupa vår förståelse för hur proteinsignaturer relaterar till hälsa och sjukdom. Detta kan i sin tur bidra till att etablera molekylära mätningar av så kallade biomarkörer som kan stödja precisionsmedicin genom tidigare diagnos, bättre riskstratifiering och mer individanpassade behandlingsstrategier.

I studierna som ingår i denna avhandling har vi tillämpat affinitetsbaserade proteomikmetoder. Först för att undersöka hur nivåer av antikroppar och proteiner i blodprover relaterar till hälsa och sjukdom. Sedan för att utöka vår förståelse för protein-protein-interaktioner mellan potentiella läkemedelsmål.

Proteiner kan mätas i många olika provtyper, men blod erbjuder ett minimalt invasivt provmaterial som innehåller molekyler från många organ och biologiska processer. Hemprovtagna torkade blodfläckar (Dried Blood Spots, DBS) har fått förnyat intresse tack vare utvecklingen av nyare och mer tillförlitliga provtagningskort. I flera av studierna i denna avhandling visar vi att DBS är lämpligt för provtagning i befolkningen utan att förlita sig på eller involvera vården. I Artikel I utvecklade vi en analysmetod för att mäta antikroppar mot SARS-CoV-2 i hemtagna DBS-prover. I Artikel II utökade vi detta till proteinmätningar och longitudinell provtagning. I Artikel III visade vi vikten av ännu mer frekvent DBS-provtagning för att fånga de dynamiska förändringarna av inflammationsrelaterade proteiner efter infektion. Detta visade hur dessa tidiga förändringar I DBS-nivåer kan stödja tidpunkten för kliniska ingrepp. Dessa studier visar på potentialen hos DBS som ett verktyg för övervakning och kontinuerlig hälsokontroll inom precisionshälsa utanför sjukhus eller vårdcentraler.

Proteiner är också bland de vanligaste målen för terapeutiska läkemedel, men många proteiner bildar komplex och interagerar med andra proteiner. Dessa interaktioner kan påverka hur läkemedel binder, deras effektivitet och risken för biverkningar. I Artikel IV etablerade vi ett protokoll för att validera bindningsreagens med hjälp av affinitetsmetoder. Den validerade reagensen tillämpade vi sedan i Artikel V för att undersöka potentiella protein-protein-interaktioner hos membranproteiner. Denna kunskap kan i framtiden bidra till att utveckla mer selektiva och effektiva läkemedel.

Sammanfattningsvis bidrar avhandlingens arbeten med värdefulla insikter som stödjer övergången mot precisionshälsa, genom att möjliggöra provtagning utanför sjukhusmiljö och genom att öka vår förståelse för proteininteraktioner som är relevanta för både normal fysiologi och sjukdom.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2026. , p. 93
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2026:3
Keywords [en]
affinity proteomics, precision medicine, remote sampling, home-sampling, protein profiling, dried blood spots, DBS, proteomics, serology, olink, suspension bead array, GPCR, RAMP, GPCR-RAMP, protein interactions, protein-protein interactions, membrane proteins
National Category
Medical Biotechnology
Research subject
Biotechnology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-375451ISBN: 978-91-8106-512-1 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-375451DiVA, id: diva2:2028850
Public defence
2026-02-06, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/62549123996, Air & Fire, Tomtebodavägen 23A, Stockholm, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 2026-01-15

Available from: 2026-01-15 Created: 2026-01-15 Last updated: 2026-01-20Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Multianalyte serology in home-sampled blood enables an unbiased assessment of the immune response against SARS-CoV-2
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Multianalyte serology in home-sampled blood enables an unbiased assessment of the immune response against SARS-CoV-2
Show others...
2021 (English)In: Nature Communications, E-ISSN 2041-1723, Vol. 12, no 1, article id 3695Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Serological testing is essential to curb the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, most assays are still limited to single analytes and samples collected within healthcare. Thus, we establish a multianalyte and multiplexed approach to reliably profile IgG and IgM levels against several versions of SARS-CoV-2 proteins (S, RBD, N) in home-sampled dried blood spots (DBS). We analyse DBS collected during spring of 2020 from 878 random and undiagnosed individuals from the population in Stockholm, Sweden, and use classification approaches to estimate an accumulated seroprevalence of 12.5% (95% CI: 10.3%-14.7%). This includes 5.4% of the samples being IgG(+)IgM(+) against several SARS-CoV-2 proteins, as well as 2.1% being IgG(-)IgM(+) and 5.0% being IgG(+)IgM(-) for the virus' S protein. Subjects classified as IgG(+) for several SARS-CoV-2 proteins report influenza-like symptoms more frequently than those being IgG(+) for only the S protein (OR=6.1; p<0.001). Among all seropositive cases, 30% are asymptomatic. Our strategy enables an accurate individual-level and multiplexed assessment of antibodies in home-sampled blood, assisting our understanding about the undiagnosed seroprevalence and diversity of the immune response against the coronavirus. Here, Roxhed et al. develop a multiplexed approach to screen IgG and IgM levels against several SARS-CoV-2 proteins in home-sampled dried blood spots and estimate seroprevalence of 12.5% in Stockholm in spring of 2020.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature, 2021
National Category
Infectious Medicine
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-299050 (URN)10.1038/s41467-021-23893-4 (DOI)000665032700017 ()34140485 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85108119441 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20210730

Available from: 2021-07-30 Created: 2021-07-30 Last updated: 2026-01-15Bibliographically approved
2. Longitudinal profiling reveals the impact of timing on immune phenotypes from self-sampled blood
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Longitudinal profiling reveals the impact of timing on immune phenotypes from self-sampled blood
Show others...
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Medical Biotechnology Medical Biotechnology
Research subject
Biotechnology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-375389 (URN)
Note

QC 20260115

Available from: 2026-01-14 Created: 2026-01-14 Last updated: 2026-01-15Bibliographically approved
3. Frequent longitudinal blood microsampling and proteome monitoring identify disease markers and enable timely intervention in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Frequent longitudinal blood microsampling and proteome monitoring identify disease markers and enable timely intervention in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes
Show others...
2025 (English)In: Diabetologia, ISSN 0012-186X, E-ISSN 1432-0428, Vol. 68, no 10, p. 2277-2289Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Aims/hypothesis: Type 1 diabetes manifests after irreversible beta cell damage, highlighting the crucial need for markers of the presymptomatic phase to enable early and effective interventions. Current efforts to identify molecular markers of disease-triggering events lack resolution and convenience. Analysing frequently self-collected dried blood spots (DBS) could enable the detection of early disease-predictive markers and facilitate tailored interventions. Here, we present a novel strategy for monitoring transient molecular changes induced by environmental triggers that enable timely disease interception.

Methods: Whole blood (10 μl) was sampled regularly (every 1–5 days) from adult NOD mice infected with Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) or treated with vehicle alone. Blood samples (5 μl) were dried on filter discs. DBS samples were analysed by proximity extension assay. Generalised additive models were used to assess linear and non-linear relationships between protein levels and the number of days post infection (p.i.). A multi-layer perceptron (MLP) classifier was developed to predict infection status. CVB3-infected SOCS-1-transgenic (tg) mice were treated with immune- or non-immune sera on days 2 and 3 p.i., followed by monitoring of diabetes development.

Results: Frequent blood sampling and longitudinal measurement of the blood proteome revealed transient molecular changes in virus-infected animals that would have been missed with less frequent sampling. The MLP classifier predicted infection status after day 2 p.i. with over 90% accuracy. Treatment with immune sera on day 2 p.i. prevented diabetes development in all (100%) of CVB3-infected SOCS-1-tg NOD mice while five out of eight (62.5%) of the CVB3-infected controls treated with non-immune sera developed diabetes.

Conclusions/interpretation: Our study demonstrates the utility of frequently collected DBS samples to monitor dynamic proteome changes induced by an environmental trigger during the presymptomatic phase of type 1 diabetes. This approach enables disease interception and can be translated into human initiatives, offering a new method for early detection and intervention in type 1 diabetes.

Data and code availability: Additional data available at https://doi.org/10.17044/scilifelab.27368322 . Additional visualisations are presented in the Shiny app interface https://mouse-dbs-profiling.serve.scilifelab.se/

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature, 2025
Keywords
Biomarkers, Coxsackievirus B, Disease intervention, Disease prediction, Disease trigger, Dried blood spots, Enterovirus, Immune-mediated diseases, Machine learning, Microsampling, Proteomics, Proximity extension assay, Screening, Type 1 diabetes
National Category
Endocrinology and Diabetes Infectious Medicine
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-370052 (URN)10.1007/s00125-025-06502-7 (DOI)001543369200001 ()40760251 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-105012855371 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20250925

Available from: 2025-09-25 Created: 2025-09-25 Last updated: 2026-01-15Bibliographically approved
4. Multiplexed selectivity screening of anti-GPCR antibodies
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Multiplexed selectivity screening of anti-GPCR antibodies
Show others...
2023 (English)In: Science Advances, E-ISSN 2375-2548, Vol. 9, no 18, article id eadf9297Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) control critical cellular signaling pathways. Therapeutic agents including anti-GPCR antibodies (Abs) are being developed to modulate GPCR function. However, validating the selectivity of anti-GPCR Abs is challenging because of sequence similarities among individual receptors within GPCR sub-families. To address this challenge, we developed a multiplexed immunoassay to test >400 anti-GPCR Abs from the Human Protein Atlas targeting a customized library of 215 expressed and solubilized GPCRs representing all GPCR subfamilies. We found that-61% of Abs tested were selective for their intended target,-11% bound off -target, and-28% did not bind to any GPCR. Antigens of on-target Abs were, on average, significantly longer, more disordered, and less likely to be buried in the interior of the GPCR protein than the other Abs. These results provide important insights into the immunogenicity of GPCR epitopes and form a basis for designing therapeu-tic Abs and for detecting pathological auto-Abs against GPCRs.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 2023
National Category
Medical Biotechnology (with a focus on Cell Biology (including Stem Cell Biology), Molecular Biology, Microbiology, Biochemistry or Biopharmacy)
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-329863 (URN)10.1126/sciadv.adf9297 (DOI)000988274400002 ()37134173 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85159546484 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20230626

Available from: 2023-06-26 Created: 2023-06-26 Last updated: 2026-01-15Bibliographically approved
5. Multiplexed mapping of the interactome of GPCRs with receptor activity-modifying proteins
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Multiplexed mapping of the interactome of GPCRs with receptor activity-modifying proteins
Show others...
2024 (English)In: Science Advances, E-ISSN 2375-2548, Vol. 10, no 31, p. 9959-Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs) form complexes with G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and may regulate their cellular trafficking and pharmacology. RAMP interactions have been identified for about 50 GPCRs, but only a few GPCR-RAMP complexes have been studied in detail. To elucidate a comprehensive GPCR-RAMP interactome, we created a library of 215 dual epitope-tagged (DuET) GPCRs representing all GPCR subfamilies and coexpressed each GPCR with each of the three RAMPs. Screening the GPCR-RAMP pairs with customized multiplexed suspension bead array (SBA) immunoassays, we identified 122 GPCRs that showed strong evidence for interaction with at least one RAMP. We screened for interactions in three cell lines and found 23 endogenously expressed GPCRs that formed complexes with RAMPs. Mapping the GPCR-RAMP interactome expands the current system-wide functional characterization of RAMP-interacting GPCRs to inform the design of selective therapeutics targeting GPCR-RAMP complexes.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 2024
National Category
Pharmacology and Toxicology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-351911 (URN)10.1126/sciadv.ado9959 (DOI)001281585300023 ()39083597 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85200288093 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20240820

Available from: 2024-08-19 Created: 2024-08-19 Last updated: 2026-01-15Bibliographically approved

Open Access in DiVA

fulltext(22630 kB)459 downloads
File information
File name FULLTEXT01.pdfFile size 22630 kBChecksum SHA-512
953bb9cbb04826b67c1479ba5842d51a683d632d9e737f0cbeda7ec9cb75eeb9658f618bda48aad8505416e065564e3c757a577b08bf0a62a2670850f051ebdd
Type fulltextMimetype application/pdf

Authority records

Bendes, Annika

Search in DiVA

By author/editor
Bendes, Annika
By organisation
Protein Science
Medical Biotechnology

Search outside of DiVA

GoogleGoogle Scholar
The number of downloads is the sum of all downloads of full texts. It may include eg previous versions that are now no longer available

isbn
urn-nbn

Altmetric score

isbn
urn-nbn
Total: 9900 hits
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf