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Shear-type failure of concrete structural elements under blast and impact
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Concrete Structures.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1096-2177
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Civilian structures and fortifications consist primarily of reinforced concrete. Reinforced concrete provides mass, robustness, and redundancy while remaining cost-effective. When appropriate reinforcement detailing is provided and flexure dominates, these elements exhibit a high energy absorption capacity. This capacity is necessary to withstand high-intensity dynamic loads, such as collisions, fragment impacts, and air blasts. Flexure-dominated damage results in numerous wide cracks, which absorb energy through plastic deformation of the reinforcement. Shear-type failures are instead characterised by localised energy absorption in a single dominant crack, where concrete fracture and friction absorb most of the energy. Avoiding shear-type failures is thus central to the design of concrete elements subjected to high-intensity dynamic loads.

This thesis investigates the parameters governing the energy absorption capacity of reinforced concrete elements and proposes strategies to increase it. Experimental and numerical studies address shear-failure modes, governing parameters, differences between static and dynamic shear failures, mitigation techniques, and prediction models. Drop-weight impact tests on beams were conducted in the laboratory and monitored with high-speed cameras to study the development of shear failure in detail. Shock tube tests on reinforced concrete wall panels were used to investigate the response to air-blast loading.

The research contributes new insights into dynamic shear failures of reinforced concrete elements. Different shear-failure types were deliberately triggered, and their mechanisms and governing parameters were characterised. A major focus was the comparison between static and dynamic shear failures. The results show that, under dynamic loading, compression strut forces dominate in an initial transient phase, producing higher support reactions than in comparable static tests. As deformations increase and the external load decays, the response enters a quasi-static phase in which dynamic and static tests exhibit similar failure forces and displacements. For failures occurring in this quasi-static phase, the findings support the use of static shear-capacity models under dynamic loading. Recommendations for response models and new methods based on the experimental results are also provided.

Abstract [sv]

Civila och fortifikatoriska konstruktioner utgörs i stor utsträckning av armerad betong. Armerad betong ger massa, robusthet och redundans samtidigt som den är kostnadseffektiv. När en lämplig armeringsutformning används och böjning dominerar uppvisar dessa element en hög energiupptagningsförmåga. Detta är nödvändigt för att motstå dynamiska laster med hög intensitet, såsom kollisioner, splitter och luftstötvågor. Böjdominerade skador resulterar i ett flertal vida sprickor, där energi tas upp genom plastiska deformationer i armeringen. Skjuvbrott kännetecknas i stället av att energiupptaget lokaliseras till en enskild dominerande spricka, där sprickbildning och friktion upptar merparten av energin. Att undvika skjuvbrott är därför centralt vid dimensionering av betongkonstruktioner utsatta för högintensiva dynamiska laster.

I denna avhandling undersöks de parametrar som styr energiupptagningsförmågan hos armerade betongkonstruktioner. Experimentella och numeriska studier presenteras vilka behandlar skjuvbrottsmekanismer, styrande parametrar, skillnader mellan statiska och dynamiska skjuvbrott, åtgärdsstrategier samt prediktionsmodeller. Fallviktsförsök på balkar genomfördes i laboratorium och registrerades med höghastighetskameror för detaljerade studier av skjuvbrottsmekanismernas utveckling. Därefter utfördes stöttubsförsök på armerade betongväggpaneler för att undersöka responsen vid luftstötvågsbelastning.

Forskningsarbetet bidrar med nya insikter om dynamiska skjuvbrott i armerade betongkonstruktioner. Olika typer av skjuvbrott framprovocerades, och deras mekanismer samt styrande faktorer karakteriserades. En central del av arbetet var jämförelsen mellan statiska och dynamiska skjuvbrott. Resultaten visar att stora trycksträvkrafter dominerar i ett tidigt skede vid dynamisk belastning, den så kallade transienta fasen, vilket ger avsevärt större stödreaktioner jämfört med statiska referensförsök. När deformationen ökar och belastningen avtar inträder en kvasi-statisk fas, där den dynamiska och statiska responsen uppvisar liknande brottkrafter och deformationer. För brott som inträffar i denna kvasi-statiska fas visar resultaten att statiska skjuvkapacitetsmodeller kan användas vid dynamisk belastning. Arbetet ger även rekommendationer för responsmodeller samt nya metoder baserade på de experimentella resultaten.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2026. , p. 124
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2547
Keywords [en]
Shear, impact, air blast, reinforced concrete
Keywords [sv]
Skjuvning, stöt, luftstötvåg, armerad betong
National Category
Structural Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Concrete Structures
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-375162ISBN: 978-91-8106-502-2 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-375162DiVA, id: diva2:2029364
Public defence
2026-02-19, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, KTH Campus, public video conference link: https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/68178082207, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 20250119

Available from: 2026-01-19 Created: 2026-01-16 Last updated: 2026-01-19Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Static and Dynamic Four-Point Flexural Tests of Concrete Beams with Variation in Concrete Quality, Reinforcement Properties and Impact Velocity
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Static and Dynamic Four-Point Flexural Tests of Concrete Beams with Variation in Concrete Quality, Reinforcement Properties and Impact Velocity
2021 (English)In: Nordic Concrete Research, ISSN 0800-6377, Vol. 65, no 2, p. 19-38Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This paper discusses the results from three experimental test series previously conducted. The tests consist of quasi-static monotonic and dynamic four-point flexural tests on reinforced concrete beams. The effect of varying material and load parameters on the plastic strain distribution and energy absorbed by the reinforcement is discussed. The main findings are the significant effect of the post-elastic region of the steel reinforcement and the impact velocity during dynamic loading. The results will be used to validate and construct numerical models in future work, where the findings presented can be investigated further.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2021
Keywords
Protective concrete structures, ductility, energy absorption capacity, reinforcement quality, impulsive loads, impact velocity, mild and stiff steels
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-308555 (URN)10.2478/ncr-2021-0007 (DOI)000744589300002 ()
Note

QC 20220217

Available from: 2022-02-17 Created: 2022-02-17 Last updated: 2026-01-16Bibliographically approved
2. On the Residual Static and Impact Capacity of Shear-Reinforced Concrete Beams Subjected to an Initial Impact
Open this publication in new window or tab >>On the Residual Static and Impact Capacity of Shear-Reinforced Concrete Beams Subjected to an Initial Impact
2022 (English)In: Applied Sciences, E-ISSN 2076-3417, Vol. 12, no 22, p. 11377-, article id 11377Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Impact loads in previous research showed to induce brittle responses of statically flexure-critical reinforced concrete (RC) beams designed for ductility. The impact load may produce flexural shear damage modes similar to that observed during quasi-static loads and local shear damage under the impact zone. The occurrence of shear damage modes during impact tests has been investigated extensively, but their effect on the residual quasi-static and dynamic capacity is not fully understood. For this aim, an initial high-velocity impact test initiated severe shear damage to RC beams. The beams were then tested quasi-statically and by sequential impact testing using the same setup as the initial tests. The results indicate a flexure-dominated response during sequential impact tests for beams containing extreme shear reinforcement amounts, favouring the energy-absorption capacity. Significant shear and flexural damage occurred for beams with less shear reinforcement, indicating a hybrid response that varied throughout the tests. The tests for the residual quasi-static capacity indicated severe consequences from initial local shear damage on the capacity, as shown by the brittle response of the beam with the most shear reinforcement. However, wide initial flexural cracks instead showed a favourable effect, as there was an indication of transfer from brittle to ductile failure. For beams showing both global and local shear damage, it was concluded that global shear damage modes were critical for the residual static and dynamic shear capacity.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI, 2022
Keywords
impact testing, residual capacity, shear reinforcement, concrete beams, dynamic response
National Category
Materials Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-322434 (URN)10.3390/app122211377 (DOI)000887164200001 ()2-s2.0-85142526875 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20221215

Available from: 2022-12-15 Created: 2022-12-15 Last updated: 2026-01-16Bibliographically approved
3. Shear-type failure of deep, short and slender impact-loaded reinforced concrete beams
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Shear-type failure of deep, short and slender impact-loaded reinforced concrete beams
2026 (English)In: International Journal of Impact Engineering, ISSN 0734-743X, E-ISSN 1879-3509, Vol. 208, article id 105539Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Previous research on statically loaded reinforced concrete beams has shown a clear influence of the shear span-to-depth ratio on the resulting shear failure mode. Large shear spans relative to the depth typically lead to capacities governed by the breakdown of beam action, whereas low ratios result in capacities governed by the remaining or full arch. Experimental tests with static loading have determined limits for these ratios and the corresponding failure mode. However, no corresponding limits exist for reinforced concrete beams subjected to high strain rates. This is especially true for deep and short beams, for which test data remain scarce. Impact tests were conducted to study shear span-to-depth ratio limits and corresponding shear-type failure modes at high strain rates. Deep, short, and slender beams were tested to study differences in response. Crack development and deformations were analysed using high-speed photography and digital image correlation (DIC). The series consisted of 27 scaled beams tested under static and impact loading, with varying amounts of transverse reinforcement. Results indicated similar shear failure modes for static and impact-loaded beams across the tested shear span-to-depth ratios. For slender beams, inertial forces and undamaged direct struts dominated early, resulting in higher reaction and internal forces for impact-loaded beams. As deformation developed, the response during both load types was similar, with stiffness dominating and flexural and flexural-shear capacities governing the resistance. Strut and tie models generally aligned with the experimental results, while sectional models were over-conservative. A design procedure based on strut and tie modelling was proposed to capture both early transient and quasi-static phase capacities.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2026
Keywords
Reinforced concrete, Shear slenderness, Impact load, Shear failure
National Category
Structural Engineering Applied Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-370303 (URN)10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105539 (DOI)001578609900001 ()2-s2.0-105016752046 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20250925

Available from: 2025-09-24 Created: 2025-09-24 Last updated: 2026-01-16Bibliographically approved
4. Dynamic response of shock-tube tested reinforced concrete wall panels
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Dynamic response of shock-tube tested reinforced concrete wall panels
Show others...
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Structural Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-373542 (URN)10.2139/ssrn.5839976 (DOI)
Note

QC 20251204

Available from: 2025-12-02 Created: 2025-12-02 Last updated: 2026-01-16Bibliographically approved
5. Effect of intense dynamic loads for reinforced concrete elements
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Effect of intense dynamic loads for reinforced concrete elements
Show others...
2025 (English)Conference paper, Oral presentation with published abstract (Refereed)
National Category
Structural Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-369118 (URN)
Conference
15th International Conference on Shock & Impact Loads on Structures
Note

QC 20250904

Available from: 2025-08-28 Created: 2025-08-28 Last updated: 2026-01-16Bibliographically approved

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Peterson, Viktor

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