kth.sePublications KTH
Change search
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf
Design and Optimization of Multi-Symbol Digital Over-the-air Computation
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Network and Systems Engineering.ORCID iD: 0009-0006-5380-2834
2026 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The rapid growth of large-scale Internet of Things (IoT) systems and emerging 6G networks has increased the demand for communication architectures capable of supporting distributed data generation, real-time sensing, and collaborative intelligence. Overthe-Air Computation (AirComp) offers a promising solution by exploiting the natural superposition property of the wireless multiple access channel (MAC) to compute functions directly over the air. While analog AirComp achieves this in principle, its sensitivity to channel distortion, lack of error protection, and incompatibility with modern digital transceivers limit its practical deployment.

Recent digital frameworks, such as ChannelComp, overcome the challenge of analog AirComp by designing finite-alphabet modulations that ensure distinct function values map to separable points in the aggregated constellation. However, ChannelComp relieson single-symbol modulation, which limits the geometric degrees of freedom available for shaping the received constellation and restricts the achievable computation accuracy. Moreover, it treats each quantized value as uniformly important, leaving the bit-level significance structure of digital data unexploited. These limitations motivate the development of multi-symbol and bit-aware digital AirComp, where input values are encoded into sequences of symbols, potentially with power adaptation, coding, or bit-aware protection. By expanding the design space into multiple symbol transmission and leveraging structured redundancy, it becomes possible to improve robustness against noise and fading, and to adapt modulation to the significance of individual bits.

The first part of the thesis develops a unified theoretical and algorithmic foundation for these multi-symbol digital AirComp frameworks. It formalizes the challenges of constellation overlap in single-symbol designs, establishes design principles for reliable multi-symbol aggregation, and introduces scalable optimization tools, such as semidefinite relaxation (SDR), mixed-integer programming (MIP), successive convex approximation (SCA), and concave–convex procedures (CCP), to construct modulation sequences that enhance separability and robustness under realistic channel conditions.

The second part of the thesis consists of four appended papers that implement and evaluate the proposed concepts. Paper A introduces a computation-oriented coding framework that jointly designs modulation and repetition coding. Paper B proposes the repetition for multiple access computing (ReMAC), which selectively repeats the modulated symbol over multiple time slots to avoid overlap of the aggregated symbols. PaperC develops sequential modulation for AirComp (SeMAC), which encodes each input into a sequence of symbols with distinct constellation diagrams across multiple timeslots. Paper D incorporates bit-partitioning and bit-significance weighting into multi-symbol digital AirComp, enabling better protection of more critical bits and achieving substantial gains in computation reliability. Collectively, these works demonstrate that multi-symbol modulation designs form a practical evolution of digital AirComp, compatible with modern wireless systems while enabling accurate computation of general nonlinear functions.

Abstract [sv]

Den snabba tillväxten av storskaliga Internet-of-Things-system (IoT) och framväxande 6G-nätverk har ökat behovet av kommunikationsarkitekturer som kan stödja distribuerad datagenerering, realtidsavkänning och kollaborativ intelligens. Over-the-Air Computation (AirComp) erbjuder en lovande lösning genom att utnyttja den naturliga superpositionsprincipen i den trådlösa multipelåtkomstkanalen (MAC) för att beräkna funktioner direkt över luften. Även om analog AirComp i princip möjliggör detta är metoden känslig för kanaldistorsion, saknar feltolerans och är inkompatibel med moderna digitala transceivrar, vilket begränsar dess praktiska användbarhet.

Nya digitala ramverk, såsom ChannelComp, hanterar dessa utmaningar i analog AirComp genom att utforma ändliga konstellationer som säkerställer att olika funktionsvärden mappas till separerbara punkter i den aggregerade konstellationen. ChannelComp bygger dock på enkel-symbol-modulering, vilket begränsar de geometriska frihetsgraderna för att forma den mottagna konstellationen och därmed den beräkningsmässiga noggrannheten. Dessutom behandlas alla kvantiserade värden som lika viktiga, vilket innebär att bitarnas olika signifikansnivåer i digital data inte utnyttjas. Dessa begränsningar motiverar utvecklingen av multi-symbol- och bit-medveten digital AirComp, där indata kodas i sekvenser av symboler och kan kombineras med effektanpassning, kodning eller bit-specifikt skydd. Genom att utvidga designutrymmet till multi-symbol-överföring och utnyttja strukturerad redundans blir det möjligt att förbättra robustheten mot brus och fading samt anpassa modulering efter bitarnas relativa betydelse.

Avhandlingens första del utvecklar en enhetlig teoretisk och algoritmisk grund för dessa multi-symbol-ramverk för digital AirComp. Den formaliserar problemen med konstellationsöverlagring i enkel-symbol-designs, etablerar designprinciper för tillförlitlig multi-symbol-aggregering och introducerar skalbara optimeringsverktyg — såsom semidefinit avslappning (SDR), blandad-heltal-optimering (MIP), successiv konvex approximation (SCA) och konkav-konvex-procedurer (CCP) — för att konstruera modulationssekvenser som förbättrar separerbarhet och robusthet under realistiska kanalvillkor.

Avhandlingens andra del består av fyra bifogade artiklar som implementerar och utvärderar de föreslagna idéerna. Artikel A presenterar ett beräkningsorienterat kodningsramverk som gemensamt utformar modulering och repetitionskodning. Artikel B föreslår Repetition for Multiple Access Computing (ReMAC), som selektivt upprepar modulerade symboler över flera tidsluckor för att undvika överlappning av aggregerade symboler. Artikel C utvecklar Sequential Modulation for AirComp (SeMAC), som kodar varje indata i en symbolsekvens med olika konstellationsdiagram över flera tidsluckor. Artikel D inför bit-partitionering och bitsignifikans-viktning i multi-symbol digital AirComp, vilket möjliggör förbättrat skydd av mer kritiska bitar och ger avsevärt högre beräkningsnoggrannhet. Sammantaget visar dessa arbeten att multi-symbol-moduleringsdesigner utgör en praktiskt genomförbar utveckling av digital AirComp, kompatibel med moderna trådlösa system och kapabel att beräkna allmänna icke-linjära funktioner med hög tillförlitlighet.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2026. , p. xix, 43
Series
TRITA-EECS-AVL ; 2026:16
Keywords [en]
Over-the-air computation, digital modulation, convex optimization
Keywords [sv]
over-the-air-beräkning, digital modulering, konvex optimering
National Category
Communication Systems Signal Processing Telecommunications
Research subject
Computer Science
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-376487ISBN: 978-91-8106-535-0 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-376487DiVA, id: diva2:2036393
Presentation
2026-03-03, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/69251234910, NSE seminar room, Teknikringen 33, Stockholm, 13:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 20260208

Available from: 2026-02-08 Created: 2026-02-06 Last updated: 2026-02-16Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. A Novel Channel Coding Scheme for Digital Multiple Access Computing
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A Novel Channel Coding Scheme for Digital Multiple Access Computing
2024 (English)In: ICC 2024 - IEEE International Conference on Communications, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2024, p. 3851-3857Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

In this paper, we consider the ChannelComp frame-work, which facilitates the computation of desired functions by multiple transmitters over a common receiver using digital mod-ulations across a multiple access channel. While ChannelComp currently offers a broad framework for computation by designing digital constellations for over-the-air computation and employing symbol-level encoding, encoding the repeated transmissions of the same symbol and using the corresponding received sequence may significantly improve the computation performance and reduce the encoding complexity. In this paper, we propose an enhancement involving the encoding of the repetitive transmission of the same symbol at each transmitter over multiple time slots and the design of constellation diagrams, with the aim of minimizing computational errors. We frame this enhancement as an optimization problem, which jointly identifies the constellation diagram and the channel code for repetition, which we call ReChCompCode. To manage the computational complexity of the optimization, we divide it into two tractable subproblems. Through numerical experiments, we evaluate the performance of ReChCompCode. The simulation results reveal that ReCh-CompCode can reduce the computation error by approximately up to 30 dB compared to standard ChannelComp, particularly for product functions.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2024
Keywords
channel coding, dig-ital communication, digital modulation, Over-the-air computation
National Category
Telecommunications Signal Processing Communication Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-353511 (URN)10.1109/ICC51166.2024.10622499 (DOI)001300022503161 ()2-s2.0-85202806594 (Scopus ID)
Conference
59th Annual IEEE International Conference on Communications, ICC 2024, Denver, United States of America, Jun 9 2024 - Jun 13 2024
Note

 Part of ISBN [9781728190549]

QC 20240925

Available from: 2024-09-19 Created: 2024-09-19 Last updated: 2026-02-06Bibliographically approved
2. ReMAC: Digital Multiple Access Computing by Repeated Transmissions
Open this publication in new window or tab >>ReMAC: Digital Multiple Access Computing by Repeated Transmissions
2025 (English)In: IEEE Transactions on Communications, ISSN 0090-6778, E-ISSN 1558-0857, Vol. 73, no 10, p. 8965-8979Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In this paper, we consider the ChannelComp framework, where multiple transmitters aim to compute a function of their values at a common receiver while using digital modulations over a multiple access channel. ChannelComp provides a general framework for computation by designing digital constellations for over-the-air computation. Currently, ChannelComp uses a symbol-level encoding. However, encoding repeated transmissions of the same symbol and performing the function computation using the corresponding received sequence may significantly improve the computation performance and reduce the encoding complexity. In this paper, we propose a new scheme where each transmitter repeats the transmission of the same symbol over multiple time slots while encoding such repetitions and designing constellation diagrams to minimize computational errors. We formally model such a scheme by an optimization problem, whose solution jointly identifies the constellation diagram and the repetition code. We call the proposed scheme Repetition for Multiple Access Computing (ReMAC). To manage the computational complexity of the optimization, we divide it into two tractable subproblems. We verify the performance of ReMAC by numerical experiments. The simulation results reveal that ReMAC can reduce the computation error in noisy and fading channels by approximately up to 4.5 dB compared to standard ChannelComp, particularly for the max function.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2025
Keywords
Over-the-air computation, repetition coding, digital communication, digital modulation
National Category
Communication Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-372210 (URN)10.1109/tcomm.2025.3565608 (DOI)001606381700001 ()2-s2.0-105004066029 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20260127

Available from: 2025-10-29 Created: 2025-10-29 Last updated: 2026-02-06Bibliographically approved
3. Multi-Symbol Digital AirComp via Modulation Design and Power Adaptation
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Multi-Symbol Digital AirComp via Modulation Design and Power Adaptation
2026 (English)In: IEEE Communications Letters, ISSN 1089-7798, E-ISSN 1558-2558, Vol. 30, p. 602-606Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Recently, over-the-air computation (AirComp) leverages the superposition property of wireless channels to enable efficient function computation over a multiple access channel (MAC). However, existing digital AirComp methods either rely on single-symbol modulation, which limits flexibility and robustness, or on multi-symbol extensions that suffer from high complexity or approximation errors. To overcome these limitations, we propose a new multi-symbol modulation framework, termed sequential modulation for AirComp (SeMAC), which encodes each input into a sequence of symbols with distinct constellation diagrams across multiple time slots. This approach increases design flexibility and robustness against channel noise. Specifically, the modulation design is formulated as a non-convex optimization problem and efficiently solved through a successive convex approximation (SCA) combined with stochastic subgradient descent (SSD). For fixed modulation formats, we further develop SeMAC with power adaptation (SeMAC-PA) to adjusts transmit power and phase while preserving the modulation structure. Notably, numerical results show that SeMAC improves computation accuracy by up to 14 dB compared to the existing methods for computing nonlinear functions such as the product function.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2026
Keywords
digital modulation, Over-the-air computation, power adaptation
National Category
Communication Systems Telecommunications
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-374968 (URN)10.1109/LCOMM.2025.3645846 (DOI)001649668300009 ()2-s2.0-105025719161 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20260112

Available from: 2026-01-12 Created: 2026-01-12 Last updated: 2026-02-06Bibliographically approved
4. Joint Bit-Partitioning and Modulation Design for Digital AirComp
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Joint Bit-Partitioning and Modulation Design for Digital AirComp
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

For digital over-the-air computation, the ChannelComp framework has recently been proposed to design digital modulations to compute any arbitrary function over a multiple access channel. To reduce modulation design complexity while increasing computation reliability, this paper integrates a bitpartitioning procedure into ChannelComp. The key process is to partition the input bit sequence into several groups, map each group to a single modulation symbol and transmit the encoded symbol sequence across multiple time slots. With the objective to maximize a worst-case constellation distance, we develop two bit-partitioning methods. In uniform bit-partitioning, bits are evenly distributed across groups and modulation is designed via a max–min optimization, which is handled by a constrained convexconcave procedure (CCCP) that solves a sequence of secondorder cone programming subproblems. In importance-adaptive bit-partitioning (IABP), the bit allocation is adapted to the significance of individual bit positions, and the modulation and partitioning are jointly optimized. To keep the overall complexity manageable, simulated annealing is employed in the outer loop to update the partitioning, while a CCCP-based solver is used in the inner loop for modulation design. Numerical results show that both methods provide robust computation in noisy channels,and IABP achieves up to a 5 dB reduction in computation error compared to Sequential Modulation for AirComp, especially for product computation.

Keywords
Over-the-air computation, digital modulation, bit-partitioning
National Category
Communication Systems Signal Processing Telecommunications
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-376481 (URN)
Note

QC 20260209

Available from: 2026-02-06 Created: 2026-02-06 Last updated: 2026-02-09Bibliographically approved

Open Access in DiVA

Thesis(1103 kB)40 downloads
File information
File name SUMMARY01.pdfFile size 1103 kBChecksum SHA-512
4ec8c5ca93f8d5280d73aeb3bff4ecb05b5e43cd9839c8af6be3f00ed556dce2933a908201e8a8aa588ee536cefcec34cd6bbeb436e3f1cc5871b57c96371460
Type summaryMimetype application/pdf

Authority records

Yan, Xiaojing

Search in DiVA

By author/editor
Yan, Xiaojing
By organisation
Network and Systems Engineering
Communication SystemsSignal ProcessingTelecommunications

Search outside of DiVA

GoogleGoogle Scholar
The number of downloads is the sum of all downloads of full texts. It may include eg previous versions that are now no longer available

isbn
urn-nbn

Altmetric score

isbn
urn-nbn
Total: 245 hits
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf