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A bio-based composite material to enhance sustainability in road infrastructure
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Road and Railway Engineering.ORCID iD: 0009-0004-5627-4075
2026 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Sustainable development
SDG 9: Industry, innovation and infrastructure, SDG 12: Responsible consumption and production, SDG 13: Climate action
Abstract [en]

This licentiate thesis investigates how forestry-derived biomaterials can reduce the fossil bitumen content of asphalt binders while maintaining functional performance. It focuses on lignin as a bio-based extender and on tall oil products as complementary softening bio-additives in a bio-composite binder. The work is motivated by two practical uncertainties in the literature: the ambiguous functional role of lignin in bitumen (often described as modifier-like or filler-like) and how this role affects the stiffness–flexibility trade-off.

The thesis addresses these questions through a combined approach: a systematic literature review and a targeted binder-scale experimental programme. The review confirms that lignin enhances high-temperature stiffness, rutting resistance, and ageing resistance, but it also identifies critical gaps: inconsistent mechanistic interpretation of lignin’s role, a lack of performance-balancing strategies, and insufficient comparative benchmarks.

Guided by these gaps, the experimental study evaluates a 70/100 paving-grade bitumen extended with 15 wt% kraft lignin (KL) or hydrolysis lignin (HL), using a limestone filler mastic (LSM) as an inert reference. Crude tall oil (CTO) and tall oil pitch (TOP PN) were assessed as secondary additives (5 and 10 wt%) in the KL-extended binder. Chemical and thermal analyses using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis confirmed physical blending and thermal stability up to 190 °C for all binders. Rheological characterisation using dynamic shear rheometer and multiple stress creep and recovery testing revealed a clear functional distinction: KL behaved in a filler-like manner, showing a complex modulus and stress sensitivity very similar to the LSM mastic. In contrast, HL exhibited a modifier-like character, with significantly higher elastic recovery and lower non-recoverable creep compliance. Tall oil products acted as effective bio-fluxes; a 5 wt% dosage provided an optimal balance, improving workability and low-temperature flexibility while largely preserving the enhanced rutting resistance from KL. In contrast, a 10 wt% dosage, particularly of CTO, caused excessive softening, increased stress sensitivity, and a marked loss of high-temperature performance.

Overall, the thesis proposes a function-based framework for bio-composite binder design, where lignin type and tall oil dosage are selected according to their demonstrated role in the binder matrix, rather than treated as generic bitumen substitutes.

Abstract [sv]

Denna licentiatavhandling undersöker hur skogsbaserade biomaterial kan minska andelen fossilt bitumen i asfaltbindemedel samtidigt som den funktionella prestandan bibehålls. Arbetet fokuserar på lignin som en biobaserad extender och på talloljeprodukter som kompletterande mjukgörande bioadditiv i ett biokompositbindemedel. Studien motiveras av två praktiska osäkerheter i litteraturen: den otydliga funktionella rollen som lignin har i bitumen (ofta beskriven som modifierarlikt eller fillerlikt beteende) och hur denna roll påverkar kompromissen mellan styvhet och flexibilitet.

Avhandlingen behandlar dessa frågor genom en kombinerad ansats: en systematisk litteraturöversikt och ett riktat experimentellt program på bindemedelsnivå. Översikten bekräftar att lignin förbättrar högtemperaturstyvhet, spårbildningsmotstånd och åldringsbeständighet, men identifierar också centrala kunskapsluckor: oenhetlig mekanistisk tolkning av lignins roll, brist på strategier för att balansera prestanda samt otillräckliga jämförande referenser.

Med utgångspunkt i dessa kunskapsluckor utvärderar den experimentella studien ett 70/100-beläggningsbitumen som extenderats med 15 wt% kraftlignin (KL) eller hydrolyslignin (HL), med en kalkstensfiller-mastix (LSM) som inert referens. Råtallolja (CTO) och tallbeck (TOP PN) utvärderades som sekundära additiv (5 och 10 wt%) i det KL-extenderade bindemedlet. Kemiska och termiska analyser med Fouriertransformerad infraröd spektroskopi och termogravimetrisk analys bekräftade fysisk inblandning och termisk stabilitet upp till 190 °C för samtliga bindemedel. Reologisk karakterisering med dynamisk skjuvreometri samt test av kryp och återhämtning vid flera spänningsnivåer visade en tydlig funktionell skillnad: KL uppvisade ett fillerlikt beteende, med komplex modul- och spänningskänslighet som var mycket lik LSM-mastixen. HL uppvisade däremot en mer modifierarlik karaktär, med avsevärt högre elastisk återhämtning och lägre icke-återhämtningsbar krypkomplians. Talloljeprodukter fungerade som effektiva bio-fluxer; en dosering på 5 wt% gav en optimal balans genom förbättrad bearbetbarhet och lågtemperaturflexibilitet samtidigt som den förbättrade spårbildningsresistensen från KL i stort sett bibehölls. En dosering på 10 wt%, särskilt av CTO, ledde däremot till överdriven uppmjukning, ökad spänningskänslighet och en tydlig försämring av högtemperaturprestandan.

Sammantaget föreslår avhandlingen ett funktionsbaserat ramverk för utformning av biokompositbindemedel, där lignintyp och talloljedosering väljs utifrån deras påvisade roll i bindemedelsmatrisen, snarare än att behandlas som generella bitumenersättare.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm, Sweden: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2026. , p. 48
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 268
Keywords [en]
Bio-based binder, lignin, tall oil, composite materials, FTIR, TGA, rheology, sustainable road
Keywords [sv]
Biobaserat bindemedel, lignin, tallolja, kompositmaterial, FTIR, TGA, reologi, hållbar väg
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Highway and Railway Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-377060ISBN: 978-91-8106-554-1 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-377060DiVA, id: diva2:2040639
Presentation
2026-03-27, M108, Brinellvägen 23, KTH Campus, public video conference link https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/69565662241, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 2021-00527
Note

QC 20260223

Available from: 2026-02-23 Created: 2026-02-20 Last updated: 2026-02-24Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. A systematic literature review on the use of lignin for sustainable road construction
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A systematic literature review on the use of lignin for sustainable road construction
2025 (English)In: Road Materials and Pavement Design, ISSN 1468-0629, E-ISSN 2164-7402Article in journal (Refereed) Epub ahead of print
Abstract [en]

With increasing interest in 'greener' road construction materials, lignin has drawn attention as a promising partial replacement for bituminous binders. This systematic literature review synthesises research from 1983 to 2024, providing an overview of lignin's potential in sustainable pavements, integrating material performance, environmental and economic perspectives to evaluate current knowledge and identify key challenges and research gaps hindering its adoption in practice. Findings demonstrate that lignin can enhance asphalt's high-temperature performance, ageing resistance, and moisture resilience, while reducing reliance on fossil fuels and lowering carbon emissions. However, challenges remain, including reduced low-temperature flexibility, compatibility issues with bitumen, and a lack of long-term mechanical and environmental data under varied stress conditions. Additional barriers to scalability include supply chain constraints, energy-intensive lignin refining processes, and uncertain life-cycle costs. To realise lignin's full potential in eco-friendly infrastructure, future research should prioritise fundamental mechanistic studies, standardised testing methods, and feasibility assessments for full-scale implementation.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Informa UK Limited, 2025
Keywords
Lignin, lignin-modified bitumen, rheological properties, sustainable pavements, life-cycle assessment
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-377041 (URN)10.1080/14680629.2025.2595215 (DOI)001629077800001 ()2-s2.0-105023861534 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 2021-00527
Note

QC 20260223

Available from: 2026-02-20 Created: 2026-02-20 Last updated: 2026-02-23Bibliographically approved
2. Physicochemical and rheological characterisation of lignin-extended binders and their compatibility with tall oil bio-additives
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Physicochemical and rheological characterisation of lignin-extended binders and their compatibility with tall oil bio-additives
Show others...
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This study investigates kraft lignin, hydrolysis lignin, and tall oil bio-additives as bio-based extenders for a 70/100 penetration-grade bitumen. The objectives were to determine whether kraft lignin functions as a chemical modifier or as a reinforcing filler, and to evaluate how tall oil bio-additives influence the rheological and thermal performance. Bio-extended binders were produced using kraft lignin (KLEB-15%) as the core system and benchmarked against hydrolysis lignin (HLEB-15%) and a conventional limestone mastic (LSM-15%) representing an inert filler reference. Composite binders were prepared by adding 5 wt% and 10 wt% of crude tall oil (CTO) or tall oil pitch PN (TOP PN) to KLEB-15%. Chemical composition and thermal stability of unaged binders were determined using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis, while frequency sweep and multiple stress creep recovery tests characterised the linear and non-linear rheological response. The results show that kraft lignin is physically blended into the bitumen and behaves mainly as a reinforcing filler, closely resembling the response of the limestone mastic. In contrast, hydrolysis lignin exhibits a more modifier-like character with higher elastic recovery and lower non-recoverable creep compliance. The tall oil bio-additives acted as effective softening agents: a 5 wt% dosage improved workability with only a modest reduction in high-temperature performance, whereas 10 wt% CTO caused pronounced softening and compromised rutting resistance. Overall, the findings demonstrate that kraft lignin’s filler-like behaviour can be modulated by tall oil additives, while hydrolysis lignin provides a more modifier-type extension. This functional classification offers a viable framework for designing performance-balanced, lignin-extended binders.

Keywords
Bio-extended binder; lignin; tall oil; rheology; FTIR; TGA
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-377054 (URN)
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 2021-00527
Note

QC 20260223

Available from: 2026-02-20 Created: 2026-02-20 Last updated: 2026-02-23Bibliographically approved

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