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Home is where the (home care) worker is: A human-centered exploration of home care in the bathroom
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, Ergonomics.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5226-2091
2026 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Sustainable development
SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being, SDG 5: Gender equality, SDG 8: Decent work and economic growth, SDG 9: Industry, innovation and infrastructure, SDG 11: Sustainable cities and communities, SDG 12: Responsible consumption and production
Abstract [en]

Introduction:

The demographics of the world's population are rapidly changing. Many elderly people will have to age-in-place and receive care in their own home, and their homes will become work environments for homecare workers. Within the home, the bathroom is a challenging workplace wheremany of the heavy lifting and transferring of clients take place; these high physical workloads limit the sustainability of the home care workforce. Bathroom design, including assistive devices, layout and available space, can play an important role for home care workers to facilitate work tasks and enable the clients to help themselves, but it is not clear to what extent.

Aim: The overall aim of this thesis was to investigate, using a human-centered lens, how the home bathroom design affects work and bathroom activities forhome care workers and clients. To address this aim, two studies were conducted.

Methods: The first study was a qualitative interview study consisting of 21 interviews with participants from the perspective of a client, health careworker, or care organization. The interviews aimed to gather information and identify challenges, needs, and gaps for home care bathroom tasks. The second study was experimental, comparing three bathroom designs: a standard nursing home bathroom and two apartment-like bathrooms; one equipped with common assistive devices and one unequipped. Trunk and arm posture and movement data were collected using IMU-sensors from 18 care workers conducting bathroom tasks in the three bathrooms. Further, the frequency and duration of contact with assistive devices was documented via video recording, and interviews were conducted with the participating care workers about their experience of usability and suitability when assisting a client.

Findings: The findings from study 1 identified important factors for enabling both independent living for clients and a sustainable work environment for health care workers. These factors included an adequate amount of space, access to assistive devices, and regular risk assessments to recognize changing needs. In study 2, the nursing home bathroom showed significantly higher 50th & 90th percentile left upper arm angular velocity than the equipped bathroom. Contacts with assistive devices were consistently longer and more frequent in the equipped bathroom than in the nursing home bathroom, which was in turn higher than the unequipped bathroom.

Conclusions: Workers, administrators, and users reported that the biggest challenges are lack of adequate space, lack of assistive devices, and lack of regular assessments to match needs. Assistive devices alone cannot replace space; worker postural and movement exposures are not improved by additional space and provision of assistive devices as anticipated. In both studies care workers reported considerable stress in small spaces regardless of the presence of assistive devices.

Abstract [sv]

Introduktion:

Demografin för världens befolkning förändras i snabb takt. Det leder till att många äldre kommer att behöva åldras och få vård i sina egna hem, och hemmen kommer i större utsträckning än idag att bli arbetsmiljöer för hemtjänstpersonal. Badrummet i det egna hemmet är en utmanande plats där många av de tunga lyften och förflyttningarna av hemtjänsttagare sker. Hög fysisk arbetsbelastning leder till en mindre hållbar arbetsmiljö för hemtjänstpersonal. Badrummets layout, tillgängligt utrymme och hjälpmedel, spelar en viktig roll för hemtjänstpersonal för att underlätta arbetsuppgifter och göra det möjligt för vårdtagare att hjälpa sig själva. Det är inte klart i vilken utsträckning.

Syfte: Det övergripande syftet med denna avhandling var att undersöka, med hjälp av ett människocentrerat perspektiv, hur badrumsdesignen i hemmet påverkar arbete och badrumsaktiviteter för hemtjänstpersonal och vårdtagare. För att uppnå detta syfte genomfördes två studier.

Metod: Den första studien var en kvalitativ intervjustudie bestående av 21 intervjuer med deltagare som har ett vårdtagar-, vårdpersonal- eller vårdorganisationsperspektiv. Intervjuerna syftade till att identifiera utmaningar, behov och brister för arbete och aktiviteter i badrum i det egna hemmet. Den andra studien var experimentell och jämförde trebadrumsdesign: ett standardbadrum på ett vård- och omsorgshem samt två mindre badrum, ett utrustat med vanliga hjälpmedel och ett utan hjälpmedel. Både kvantitativa och kvalitativa data samlades in från 18 vårdpersonal när de utförde arbete och badrumsaktiviteter tillsammans med en vårdtagare i badrummen. Kroppsställningar för bål och överarm registrerades med hjälp av IMU-sensorer. Vidare dokumenterades frekvens och varaktighet av kontakter med hjälpmedel via videoinspelning. Slutligen genomfördes intervjuer med vårdpersonalen om deras upplevelse av att hjälpa vårdtagaren i badrummen.

Resultat: Resultaten från studie 1 identifierade viktiga faktorer för att möjliggöra både självständighet i badrummet för vårdtagare och en hållbar arbetsmiljö för hemtjänstpersonalen. Dessa faktorer inkluderade tillräckligt med utrymme, tillgång till hjälpmedel och regelbundna riskbedömningar för att identifiera förändrade behov. I studie 2 var hastigheten för vänster överarm signifikant högre i vård- och omsorgsbadrummet jämfört med det utrustade badrummet. Det gällde för såväl den 50:e percentilen som den 90:epercentilen. Kontakter med hjälpmedel var genomgående längre och mer frekventa i det utrustade badrummet än i vård- och omsorgsbadrummet, vilketi sin tur var mer frekventa än i det icke-utrustade badrummet.

Slutsatser: Enligt vårdpersonal, administratörer och vårdtagare är de största utmaningarna för arbete i badrum bristen på utrymme och hjälpmedel samt kontinuerliga behovsbedömningar. Hjälpmedel kan inte ersätta utrymme, personalens arbetsställningar förbättras inte av utrymme och hjälpmedel som förväntat. I båda studierna rapporterade vårdpersonal avsevärd stress i små utrymmen oavsett närvaron av hjälpmedel.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2026. , p. 66
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2026:13
Keywords [en]
Home care, Ergonomics, Assistive devices, Injury prevention, Ageing in place
Keywords [sv]
Hemtjänst, Ergonomi, Hjälpmedel, Skadeprevention, Åldras i det egna hemmet
National Category
Work Sciences
Research subject
Technology and Health
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-377151ISBN: 978-91-8106-552-7 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-377151DiVA, id: diva2:2040915
Presentation
2026-04-09, T2, Hälsovägen 11C, Stockholm, 09:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
AFA Insurance, 180 248
Note

QC 2026-03-16

Available from: 2026-03-16 Created: 2026-02-23 Last updated: 2026-03-16Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Towards safety and autonomy in the home bathroom: Identifying challenges, needs and gaps
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Towards safety and autonomy in the home bathroom: Identifying challenges, needs and gaps
2022 (English)In: Applied Ergonomics, ISSN 0003-6870, E-ISSN 1872-9126, Vol. 105, article id 103865Article, review/survey (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This qualitative study aims to identify challenges, needs and gaps for home care bathroom tasks and gather information that will allow for user-centered, sustainable solutions for home care in the bathroom. Twenty-one interviews were carried out with participants with the perspective of client, health care worker or care orga-nization. The data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis and interpretive description. The findings identify important factors for enabling both independent living for clients and a sustainable work environment for the health care workers. They include adequate space, access to assistive devices and regular risk assessments to recognize changing needs. Enabling independent living is one strategy that can be used to manage the ongoing demographic change as well as the expected future labor shortage in the care sector. Changes can be made in the physical environment (the residential bathroom) in order to facilitate safer task performance for both the clients and the health care workers.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2022
Keywords
Home care, Assistive devices, Injury prevention, Ageing in place, Independent living
National Category
Medical and Health Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-317338 (URN)10.1016/j.apergo.2022.103865 (DOI)000844316100005 ()35961247 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85135719885 (Scopus ID)
Funder
AFA Insurance, 180 248
Note

QC 20220909

Correction in: Applied Ergonomics, Volume106, Article Number, 103888DOI10.1016/j.apergo.2022.103888

Available from: 2022-09-09 Created: 2022-09-09 Last updated: 2026-02-23Bibliographically approved
2. Bathroom design and home care: work posture, assistive product contacts and worker experience in three different designs
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Bathroom design and home care: work posture, assistive product contacts and worker experience in three different designs
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Population trends increase demand for home care, but high physical workloads limit the sustainability of the workforce. This study compared three bathroom designs: a standard nursing home bathroom and two apartment-like bathrooms, one equipped with common assistive products and one unequipped. Comparison was made in terms of care workers': 1) trunk and arm postures; 2) the frequency and duration of contacts with assistive products; 3) experience of usability and suitability when assisting a client. Eighteen care workers were assessed during bathroom care tasks using Inertial Measurement Units (IMU) and by video-recording from above. Interviews were held after the care tasks had been performed in each bathroom and were analysed thematically. The nursing home bathroom showed significantly higher 50th & 90th percentile left upper arm angular velocity than the equipped bathroom. Contacts with assistive products were consistently longer and more frequent in the equipped bathroom than in the nursing home bathroom, which was in turn higher than the unequipped bathroom. Interviews revealed the smaller bathrooms were experienced as stressful and difficult to work in. This exploratory study indicated that bathroom design impacts care work posture movements, usability and the experience of assisting a client.

National Category
Production Engineering, Human Work Science and Ergonomics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-377150 (URN)
Funder
AFA Insurance, 180 248
Note

QC 20260223

Available from: 2026-02-23 Created: 2026-02-23 Last updated: 2026-02-23Bibliographically approved

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Stenberg Gleisner, Anna Klara

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