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Efficient Washing of Papergrade Pulp in the Kraft Process
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology, Wood Chemistry and Pulp Technology. (Olena Sevastyanova)ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4851-572X
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Sustainable development
SDG 9: Industry, innovation and infrastructure, SDG 12: Responsible consumption and production
Abstract [en]

Brownstock washing is a critical unit operation in kraft pulping, responsible for removing dissolved lignin and other organic materials from the pulp prior to further delignification and bleaching. In the process, effective brownstock washing improves pulp quality and reduces chemical consumption, leading to better environmental and economic outcomes. A persistent challenge in modern kraft mills is lignin redeposition during washing, particularly under liquor recycling and process closure conditions. This work provides a mechanistic understanding of lignin removal, transport, and redeposition during brownstock washing of softwood kraft pulp. The work examines how physicochemical conditions, including liquor composition, ionic strength, pH, alkali addition, divalent cations, and storage conditions (storage time and temperature), significantly influence lignin diffusion, particularly in higher molecular weight lignin fractions. A combination of laboratory-scale washing experiments, filtrate analysis, pulp characterization, and lignin leaching studies was employed to isolate and examine these coupled mechanisms. The results demonstrate that lignin removal is frequently limited by diffusion from the fibre wall and that the stability of dissolved lignin is strongly influenced by ionic strength and ion-specific effects. Sulfate rich, high ionic strength liquors promote lignin aggregation and redeposition, whereas elevated pH and controlled alkali addition enhance lignin solubility and reduce redeposition within defined limits. Storage time and temperature were shown to significantly affect lignin diffusion, particularly for higher molecular weight lignin fractions. Overall, this work indicates that brownstock washing is governed by the interplay among diffusion-controlled transport, the thermodynamic stability of dissolved lignin, and surface-driven redeposition phenomena. The mechanistic insights gained provide a basis for optimizing washing strategies, reducing lignin carryover, and improving the sustainability and efficiency of kraft pulping operations.

Abstract [sv]

Tvättning av blåsledningsmassa är en kritisk enhetsoperation i sulfatmassaframställning och avlägsnar lösligt lignin och andra organiska ämnen från massan före vidare delignifiering och blekning. En effektiv tvättning förbättrar massakvalitet och minskar kemikalieförbrukning, vilket bidrar till bättre miljömässiga och ekonomiska resultat. En utmaning i moderna kraftmassafabriker är ligninåteravsättning under tvättning, särskilt under förhållanden med lutåtervinning, processlutning och hög jonstyrka. Detta arbete ger en mekanistisk förståelse för ligninborttagning, transport och återavsättning vid tvättning av barrblåsledningsmassa. Studien undersöker hur fysikalisk-kemiska parametrar – inklusive lutsammansättning, jonstyrka, pH, alkalitillsats, tvåvärda katjoner samt lagringsförhållanden (lagringstid och temperatur) – påverkar lignindiffusion, särskilt för ligninfraktioner med högre molekylvikt, samt stabiliteten hos löst lignin i tvättvätskan och lignin– fiberyteinteraktioner. En kombination av tvättexperiment i laboratorieskala, filtratanalys, massakarakterisering och ligninlakningsstudier användes för att isolera och undersöka dessa samverkande mekanismer. Resultaten visar att ligninborttagning ofta är begränsad av diffusion från fiberväggen och att stabiliteten hos löst lignin påverkas starkt av jonstyrka och jonspecifika effekter. Sulfatrika lösningar med hög jonstyrka främjar ligninaggregering och återavsättning, medan förhöjt pH och kontrollerad alkalitillsats ökar ligninets löslighet och minskar återavsättning inom definierade gränser. Lagringstid och temperatur visade sig ha en signifikant effekt på lignindiffusionen, särskilt för ligninfraktioner med högre molekylvikt. Sammanfattningsvis visar detta arbete att tvättning av blåsledningsmassa styrs av samspelet mellan diffusionskontrollerad transport, termodynamisk stabilitet hos löst lignin samt ytdrivna återdeponeringsfenomen. De mekanistiska insikterna som erhållits utgör en grund för att optimera tvättstrategier, minska ligninåteravsättning samt förbättra hållbarhet och effektivitet i sulfatmassaframställning.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2026. , p. 53
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2026:12
Keywords [en]
brownstock washing, ionic strength, lignin redeposition, storage, leaching
National Category
Paper, Pulp and Fiber Technology
Research subject
Fibre and Polymer Science
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-377289ISBN: 978-91-8106-547-3 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-377289DiVA, id: diva2:2041233
Public defence
2026-03-20, F3, Lindstedtvägen 26, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/66280301517, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Vinnova, 2021-02089
Note

QC 20260225

Available from: 2026-02-25 Created: 2026-02-24 Last updated: 2026-03-13Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Effects of chemical environment on softwood kraft pulp: Exploring beyond conventional washing methods
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Effects of chemical environment on softwood kraft pulp: Exploring beyond conventional washing methods
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2025 (English)In: Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal, ISSN 0283-2631, E-ISSN 2000-0669, Vol. 40, no 1, p. 83-93Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Brownstock washing, a critical process in cleansing kraft pulp, removes dissolved lignin residues from the pulp after it has passed through the cooking digester. It plays a significant role in kraft pulp mills by enhancing economic efficiency and environmental sustainability. Improved washing efficiency leads to better pulp quality and more effective recovery of cooking chemicals. Our study aimed to better understand the impact of different chemical compositions in washing liquors on washing performance. We tested a range of washing liquors, including neutral solutions (deionized water, 1M NaCl, 3M NaCl, 1M Na2SO4) and alkaline solutions (tap water, washing liquor composed of 0.35M NaOH and 1M Na2SO4, and white liquor with 50 g[OH]/l and 8.77 g[HS]/l). These liquors were evaluated for their efficacy in maximizing lignin extraction. Our findings suggest that salt solutions generally reduce washing efficiency. Deionized water and white liquor proved to be the most efficient washing agents, while high-concentration salts and those with high ionic strength negatively impacted washing efficiency. This suggests that brownstock washing may not be operating at its full potential.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2025
Keywords
brownstock washing, ionic strength, kraft pulping, leaching, lignin
National Category
Paper, Pulp and Fiber Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-363111 (URN)10.1515/npprj-2023-0061 (DOI)001379468800001 ()2-s2.0-105003160184 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20250506

Available from: 2025-05-06 Created: 2025-05-06 Last updated: 2026-02-24Bibliographically approved
2. Effect of storage conditions on the brownstock washing and oxygen delignification of kraft pulps
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Effect of storage conditions on the brownstock washing and oxygen delignification of kraft pulps
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2025 (English)In: Cellulose, ISSN 0969-0239, E-ISSN 1572-882X, Vol. 32, no 4, p. 2567-2579Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

A long-term goal of the pulping industry is to optimize process parameters for efficiently removing degraded and soluble lignin during the fiber line processes such as kraft pulping, brownstock washing, and bleaching. This study investigates how pulp storage affects the efficiency of brownstock washing and oxygen delignification. Three pulp groups were rinsed with warm and cold water at 40 °C and 5 °C, respectively, and then stored under varying conditions (1 day, 1 week at temperatures of 5 °C and 60 °C. Our findings indicate that after one week of storage at 60 °C, more lignin was extracted, highlighting the influence of storage temperature and time on Kappa reduction (lignin removal) during storage. Additionally, larger lignin fragments were removed with increased storage temperature and time, suggesting that degraded lignin molecules trapped within the fibers can leach out during storage and be subsequently removed in washing. The different storage conditions had only a slight effect on oxygen delignification performance. We conclude that storage conditions, particularly temperature and time, significantly impact lignin removal efficiency and can enhance the pulp washing process. This study also provides valuable insights into lignin mass transfer during storage, offering guidance for industrial applications. The study also revealed that pulp quality after oxygen delignification is influenced by pH and lignin agglomeration and retention in the fibers during preceding washing and storage operations, emphasizing the need for careful control of the latter conditions to minimize cellulose degradation.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature, 2025
National Category
Paper, Pulp and Fiber Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-374256 (URN)10.1007/s10570-025-06396-z (DOI)001410203900001 ()2-s2.0-105001086485 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Vinnova, 2021-02089Vinnova, 2021-02087KTH Royal Institute of Technology
Note

QC 20251219

Available from: 2025-12-16 Created: 2025-12-16 Last updated: 2026-02-24Bibliographically approved
3. Lignin Reattachment to Pulp Fibers during Brownstock Washing: The Role of Sodium Sulfate
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Lignin Reattachment to Pulp Fibers during Brownstock Washing: The Role of Sodium Sulfate
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2025 (English)In: BioResources, E-ISSN 1930-2126, Vol. 20, no 4, p. 9226-9241Article, review/survey (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The role of sodium sulfate was considered relative to pulp washing liquors and its impact on the reattachment of lignin to pulp fibers during the brownstock washing process. The dissolution of lignin during washing and its potential redeposition onto the pulp fibers is influenced by various factors. Three distinct types of pulp-unbleached, bleached, and cotton linters-were used to explore these effects. The washing experiments were conducted using industrial wash liquor and were repeated further with the addition of sodium sulfate. The resulting products of the washing process, including the liquor discharge and the washed pulp, were thoroughly evaluated. Analytical techniques, such as UV measurements of lignin content in the liquor discharge and characterization of the pulp, were employed to assess the outcomes. The findings reveal that the addition of sodium sulfate to the washing liquor resulted in an increase in its conductivity and ionic strength. Moreover, it was observed that lignin reattachment to pulp fibers was noticeably greater when washing was performed with sodium sulfate addition. Among the pulps studied, unbleached kraft pulp exhibited the highest degree of lignin reattachment, followed by bleached kraft pulp, with cotton linters showing the least.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
BioResources, 2025
Keywords
Adsorption, Brownstock washing, Hydrophobic interaction, Lignin reattachment, Washing liquor
National Category
Paper, Pulp and Fiber Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-370382 (URN)10.15376/biores.20.4.9226-9241 (DOI)001570777800032 ()2-s2.0-105015144690 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20250925

Available from: 2025-09-25 Created: 2025-09-25 Last updated: 2026-02-24Bibliographically approved
4. Effects of pH and MgSO₄ on lignin redeposition and removal efficiency in brownstock washing
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Effects of pH and MgSO₄ on lignin redeposition and removal efficiency in brownstock washing
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Paper, Pulp and Fiber Technology
Research subject
Fibre and Polymer Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-377291 (URN)
Note

QC 20260226

Available from: 2026-02-24 Created: 2026-02-24 Last updated: 2026-02-26Bibliographically approved
5. Insights into lignin leaching dynamics during brownstock washing: Effects of temperature and liquor chemistry
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Insights into lignin leaching dynamics during brownstock washing: Effects of temperature and liquor chemistry
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Paper, Pulp and Fiber Technology
Research subject
Fibre and Polymer Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-377293 (URN)
Note

QC 20260226

Available from: 2026-02-24 Created: 2026-02-24 Last updated: 2026-02-26Bibliographically approved

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Senthilkumar, Eashwara Raju

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