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Eyes on Target, Pen on Table: Precise VR Interaction with Gaze and Pen
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS).ORCID iD: 0009-0002-5300-047X
University of Konstanz, Germany.
Linköping University, Sweden.
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Computational Science and Technology (CST).ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5634-8960
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2025 (English)In: Proceedings - 2025 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct, ISMAR-Adjunct 2025, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. , 2025, p. 46-53Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Precise manipulation, fast interaction, and lasting comfort are hard to reconcile in VR. Modern controllers can track at sub-millimetre resolution in ideal conditions, yet mid-air reach, tremor, and arm elevation still impair accuracy and induce fatigue. We present Eyes on Target, Pen on Table, combining gaze-driven target selection with desk-supported, pressure-adaptive pen input. In a within-subjects study (N=12), it was compared with a direct mid-air pen baseline. In 2D tasks, mean placement error dropped by 40% with no significant time cost, while in 3D tasks error fell by 58% at a 52% time cost. With control-display gain with axis constraint, error reductions reached 77% in 2D and 81% in 3D relative to the baseline. Across conditions, the approach also reduced arm fatigue and NASA-TLX workload. Our findings position the Gaze + Pen on Table technique as a balanced, sustainable alternative for production-level VR design, with practical guidelines for implementation.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. , 2025. p. 46-53
Keywords [en]
3D manipulation, gaze interaction, input techniques, pen pressure, virtual reality
National Category
Human Computer Interaction
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-377506DOI: 10.1109/ISMAR-Adjunct68609.2025.00016Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105029712731OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-377506DiVA, id: diva2:2042583
Conference
2025 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct, ISMAR-Adjunct 2025, Daejeon, Korea, October 8- 12, 2025
Note

Part of ISBN 9798331593476

QC 20260302

Available from: 2026-03-02 Created: 2026-03-02 Last updated: 2026-03-02Bibliographically approved

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Wu, ZhikunIop, AlessandroMatviienko, Andrii

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