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Optimal Charge Scheduling of a BEV Fleet
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mathematics (Dept.), Numerical Analysis, Optimization and Systems Theory.
2024 (English)Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesisAlternative title
Optimal laddning strategi för en elfordonsflotta (Swedish)
Abstract [en]

As intermittent renewable energy integration rises, so does the demand for increased grid flexibility, particularly for frequency regulation to maintain stability amidst consumption and production fluctuations. The Swedish transmission system operator (TSO), Svenska Kraftnät, procures various frequency regulation services to manage these imbalances. This thesis identifies a significant opportunity for battery electric vehicle (BEV)s to participate in these services, creating revenue by selling flexibility.

The research focuses on optimizing unidirectional EV charging to support grid stability, examining participation in primary reserves FCR-D-Up and FCR-D-Down using synthetic EV fleet data. A non-convex optimization problem is formulated and solved using market data from 2023/2024, incorporating three on-board charger loss models. The findings reveal that FCR-D-Down revenue consistently exceeds 90% of the total revenue during both summer and winter months. Additionally, the optimal charging trajectory for day-to-day energy requirements suggests charging with small input power, typically around 1.1 − 1.7 kW.

Abstract [sv]

I och med att andelen förnybar el växer, ökar även behovet av flexibilitet i elnätet. Flexibilitet är nödvändigt bland annat för att säkerställa frekvensreglering. För att skydda mot dessa obalanser upphandlar Svenska Kraftnät flera olika frekvensregleringstjänster. Denna studie undersöker potentialen för elfordon att delta i frekvensregleringstjänster och skapa intäkter genom att sälja flexibilitet. Fokus läggs på optimering av enkelriktad elbilsladdning, med särskilt fokus på deltagande i primära reserver FCR-D Upp och FCR-D Ned. Syntetiskt data från en elfordonsflotta används för att utvärdera potentialen, och ett icke-konvext optimeringsproblem formuleras och löses med prisdata från 2023/2024.

Resultaten visar att intäkterna från FCR-D Ned konsekvent överstiger 90% av de totala intäkterna både under sommar- och vintermånader. Vidare, studien visar att den optimala laddningsstrategin för dagliga energibehov föreslår laddning med låg laddeffekt, vanligtvis runt 1, 1 − 1, 7 kW.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2024.
Series
TRITA-SCI-GRU ; 2024:472
Keywords [en]
Optimal Control, Ancillary Services, Frequency Regulation, Energy Market, FCR-D, Battery Electric Vehicle, and Virtual Power Plant.
Keywords [sv]
Optimal styrning, stödtjänster, frekvensreglering, elmarknad, FCR-D, elfordon, och virtuellt kraftverk.
National Category
Other Mathematics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-377661OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-377661DiVA, id: diva2:2042849
External cooperation
Volvo Cars Corporation
Subject / course
Systems Engineering
Educational program
Master of Science - Aerospace Engineering
Supervisors
Examiners
Available from: 2026-03-03 Created: 2026-03-03 Last updated: 2026-03-03Bibliographically approved

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