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FN-silk scaffolds as ECM & basement membrane mimics for 3D tissue engineering applications
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Protein Science. (Hedhammar group)
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

FN-silk is a recombinant functionalized silk protein shown to self-assemble into elastic fibrillar 3D matrices that favor in vivo-like cell-ECM interactions. This thesis aims to expand on the current understanding of FN-silk protein as a biomaterial for constructing such physiologically relevant ECM mimics, both of interstitial fibers and basement membrane, for tissue engineering applications. This is examined both in terms of optimizing existing and developing new methods for constructing FN-silk matrices, as well as utilizing them as scaffolds to develop in vitro models of barrier tissues.

Specifically, Paper I describes an optimized, and Paper II a newly developed, method to prepare FN-silk basement membrane mimics. Moreover, a new way of preparing FN-silk 3D networks is described (Paper III) and proposed as an ECM mimic for in vitro (Paper III) and in vivo applications (Paper IV). Both the FN-silk membrane and 3D network are used to construct in vitro skin tissue models presented in Paper III, and the FN-silk membrane alone is used to support an alveolar-capillary in vitro model (Paper V). Lastly, Paper IV describes the use of the 3D network as a dermal replacement scaffold in an in vivo porcine wound healing model.

Paper I established the parameters of preparing FN-silk membranes supported by custom-designed inserts in order to yield a reproducible membrane-insert culture system that could be seeded with cells bilaterally and further used for applications described in Papers III and V.

Paper II explored a different method of forming the FN-silk membrane, this time around hydrogels. Functionalizing hydrogels with FN-silk increased the native tissue mimicry not only by modeling the basement membrane but also by addressing key hydrogel shortcomings such as poor cell adhesion and inadequate mechanical properties as well as unfavorable cell-mediated hydrogel contraction.

Paper III presented and characterized FN-silk-based skin tissue 3D models. Primary human cells were cultured on FN-silk matrices, yielding standalone dermal and epidermal models as well as a bilayered dermal-epidermal one. The models feature dermal ECM production and formation of microvascular-like structures, as well as in vivo-like epidermal stratification and cornification.

Paper IV extended the favorable FN-silk-skin cell interactions in vivo, in a porcine wound healing model. The FN-silk 3D network was compared with a commercial dermal replacement scaffold, achieving a faster re-epithelialization rate and better mechanical properties of the treated wounds.

Lastly, Paper V compared the FN-silk membrane with a commercial synthetic one in the context of supporting an in vitro alveolar-capillary model. The FN-silk-based models attained high tissue mimicry in both morphological and functional characteristics, contrary to the commercial controls.  Notably, in Paper V an in vitro model of alveologenesis was established for the very first time. This was achieved on FN-silk-supported cultures.

Taken together, the work conducted in this thesis builds on the current knowledge of the potential of FN-silk as a biomaterial for in vitro and in vivo applications. It demonstrates that the chemically defined FN-silk-based scaffolds can be used to construct models that closely recapitulate the in vivo microenvironment, holding great promise for drug screening studies as well as platforms for understanding human physiology and disease.

Abstract [sv]

FN-silke är ett rekombinant funktionaliserat silkesprotein som kan självorganisera sig till elastiska fibrillära 3D-matriser som främjar in vivoliknande interaktioner mellan celler och den extracellulära matrisen (ECM). Denna avhandling syftar till att öka förståelsen för hur FN-silke kan användas som ett biomaterial för att konstruera sådana fysiologiskt relevanta ECManaloger av interstitiella fibrernätverk och basalmembran, för applikation inom vävnadsteknik (tissue engineering). Detta undersöks både genom optimering av existerande metoder och genom utveckling av nya metoder för att konstruera FN-silkesmatriser, samt genom användningen av dessa som stödstrukturer för att utveckla in vitro-barriärvävnadsmodeller.

Specifikt beskriver Paper I en optimerad metod och Paper II en nyutvecklad metod för att förbereda konstgjorda basalmembran baserade på FN-silke. I Paper III beskrivs ett nytt sätt att framställa 3D-nätverk av FN-silke för användning som ECM-analog i in vitro- (Paper III) och in vivo-applikationer (Paper IV). Både det FN-silkebaserade membranet och 3D-nätverket används för att konstruera in vitro-hudvävnadsmodeller i Paper III, medan enbart FNsilkesmembranet används i Paper V som stöd i en alveolär-kapillär in vitromodell. Slutligen beskriver Paper IV användningen av 3D-nätverket som dermal stödstruktur i en in vivo-modell för sårläkning hos grisar.

I Paper I etablerades parametrarna för att förbereda FN-silkesmembran som stöttas av specialdesignade hållare (inserts). Detta resulterade i ett reproducerbart membran-insert odlingssystem där celler kan tillföras bilateralt. Detta system användes sedan i de applikationer som beskrivs i Paper III och V.

I Paper II utforskades en annan metod för att bilda FN-silkesmembran, denna gång runt hydrogeler. Funktionalisering med FN-silke ökade hydrogelernas likhet med naturlig vävnad, både genom modellering av basalmembranet och genom att åtgärda avgörande brister med hydrogeler, så som bristande celladhesion, inadekvata mekaniska egenskaper, samt ofördelaktig cellmedierad hydrogelkontraktion.

I Paper III presenterades och karaktäriserades FN-silke-baserade 3Dmodeller av hudvävnad. Primära humana celler odlades på FN-silkesmatriser, vilket resulterade i fristående dermala och epidermala modeller, samt i en dubbelskiktad dermal-epidermal modell. Dessa modeller uppvisar produktion av dermal ECM och mikrovaskulär-liknande strukturer, samt in vivo-liknande epidermal stratifiering och förhorning.

I Paper IV undersöktes den fördelaktiga interaktionen mellan hud och FNsilke i en in vivo-sårläkningsmodell i grisar. I jämförelse med en kommersiell dermal stödstruktur, uppvisade det FN-silke-baserade 3D-nätverket en snabbare återbildning av epitel och bättre mekaniska egenskaper hos de behandlade såren.

Slutligen, i Paper V jämfördes FN-silkesmembranet med ett kommersiellt syntetiskt membran som stödstruktur för en alveolär-kapillär in vitro-modell. Modellerna som var baserade på FN-silke uppnåde en högre nivå av likhet med riktig vävnad, med avseende på både morfologiska och funktionella egenskaper, jämfört med de kommersiella kontrollerna. Anmärkningsvärt var att de FN-silke-stödda cellodlingarna modellerade alveolbildning, vilket är första gången som detta observeras i en in vitro-modell.

Sammantaget bidrar arbetetet som utförts i denna avhandling till att öka kunskapen om potentialen hos FN-silke som ett biomaterial för in vitro- och in vivo-applikationer. Arbetet demonstrerar att de kemiskt definierade stödstrukturerna baserade på FN-silke kan användas för att konstruera modeller som mer tillförlitligt efterliknar mikromiljön in vivo, vilket är mycket lovande för läkemedelsscreeningstudier samt plattformar för att förstå mänsklig fysiologi och sjukdom.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2026. , p. 99
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2026:15
Keywords [en]
FN-silk, silk protein, scaffolds, basement membrane, alveologenesis, skin model, epidermal model
National Category
Biomaterials Science
Research subject
Biotechnology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-377761ISBN: 978-91-8106-553-4 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-377761DiVA, id: diva2:2043037
Public defence
2026-03-27, FD5, via Zoom: https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/62967904817?pwd=A5dMjlShS5lxaYMHMlFx0RjuPZC0rR.1, Roslagstullsbacken 21, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, 09:30 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 2026-03-03

Available from: 2026-03-03 Created: 2026-03-03 Last updated: 2026-03-09Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Nanofibrillar Basement Membrane Mimic Made of Recombinant Functionalized Spider Silk in Custom-Made Tissue Culture Inserts
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Nanofibrillar Basement Membrane Mimic Made of Recombinant Functionalized Spider Silk in Custom-Made Tissue Culture Inserts
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2024 (English)In: Journal of Visualized Experiments, E-ISSN 1940-087X, no 213, article id e67116Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Replicating tissue barriers is critical for generating relevant in vitro models for evaluating novel therapeutics. Today, this is commonly done using tissue culture inserts with a plastic membrane, which generates an apical and a basal side. Besides providing support for the cells, these membranes come far from emulating their native counterpart, the basement membrane, which is a nanofibrillar, protein-based matrix. In this work, we show a simple way to considerably improve the biological relevance of the tissue culture inserts by replacing the plastic membrane with one made from a pure recombinant functionalized spider silk protein. The silk membrane forms through self-assembly and will spontaneously adhere to a membrane-free tissue culture insert, where it can provide support for cells. Custom-designed tissue culture inserts can be printed using a standard 3D printer, following the instructions provided in the protocol, or commercial ones can be purchased and used instead. This protocol shows how the culture system with silk membranes in inserts is set up and, subsequently, how the same cell culturing techniques that are used with traditional, commercially available inserts can be implemented.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MyJove Corporation, 2024
National Category
Cell Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-357159 (URN)10.3791/67116 (DOI)001368152600015 ()39555807 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85209955245 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20241217

Available from: 2024-12-04 Created: 2024-12-04 Last updated: 2026-03-03Bibliographically approved
2. FN-silk as a basement membrane mimic on hydrogels for improved barrier tissue models
Open this publication in new window or tab >>FN-silk as a basement membrane mimic on hydrogels for improved barrier tissue models
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Biomaterials Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-377678 (URN)
Note

QC 20260304

Available from: 2026-03-03 Created: 2026-03-03 Last updated: 2026-03-04Bibliographically approved
3. Standalone single- and bi-layered human skin 3D models supported by recombinant silk feature native spatial organization
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Standalone single- and bi-layered human skin 3D models supported by recombinant silk feature native spatial organization
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2025 (English)In: Biofabrication, ISSN 1758-5082, E-ISSN 1758-5090, Vol. 17, no 1, article id 015015Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Physiologically relevant human skin models that include key skin cell types can be used forin vitrodrug testing, skin pathology studies, or clinical applications such as skin grafts. However, there is still no golden standard for such a model. We investigated the potential of a recombinant functionalized spider silk protein, FN-silk, for the construction of a dermal, an epidermal, and a bilayered skin equivalent (BSE). Specifically, two formats of FN-silk (i.e. 3D network and nanomembrane) were evaluated. The 3D network was used as an elastic ECM-like support for the dermis, and the thin, permeable nanomembrane was used as a basement membrane to support the epidermal epithelium. Immunofluorescence microscopy and spatially resolved transcriptomics analysis demonstrated the secretion of key ECM components and the formation of microvascular-like structures. Furthermore, the epidermal layer exhibited clear stratification and the formation of a cornified layer, resulting in a tight physiologic epithelial barrier. Our findings indicate that the presented FN-silk-based skin models can be proposed as physiologically relevant standalone epidermal or dermal models, as well as a combined BSE.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IOP Publishing, 2025
Keywords
3D in vitro model, basement membrane, bilayered skin model, cornification, recombinant silk, spatial transcriptomics, vascularization
National Category
Dermatology and Venereal Diseases Cell Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-356696 (URN)10.1088/1758-5090/ad8b72 (DOI)001348514700001 ()39454592 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85208516743 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20241121

Available from: 2024-11-20 Created: 2024-11-20 Last updated: 2026-03-03Bibliographically approved
4. Full-thickness wounds treated with FN-silk to improve healing outcome:an in vivo study in porcine wounds
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Full-thickness wounds treated with FN-silk to improve healing outcome:an in vivo study in porcine wounds
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Biomaterials Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-377681 (URN)
Note

QC 20260304

Available from: 2026-03-03 Created: 2026-03-03 Last updated: 2026-03-04Bibliographically approved
5. FN-silk membrane enables alveologenesis and self-organization of the H441 epithelial cell line into native alveolar morphology
Open this publication in new window or tab >>FN-silk membrane enables alveologenesis and self-organization of the H441 epithelial cell line into native alveolar morphology
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Cell and Molecular Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-377759 (URN)
Note

QC 20260304

Available from: 2026-03-03 Created: 2026-03-03 Last updated: 2026-03-04Bibliographically approved

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