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Unlocking the Potential of Excess Heat Recovery: A Multi-model Framework for Analysing Resilient and Low-Carbon District Heating
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Energy Systems.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9927-4623
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Sustainable development
SDG 7: Affordable and clean energy, SDG 11: Sustainable cities and communities, SDG 13: Climate action
Abstract [en]

Heating and cooling account for a substantial share of final energy use and greenhouse gas emissions in Europe. District heating systems play a central role in decarbonising heat supply by enabling the integration of centralised, low-carbon heat sources. However, as fossil fuels and waste incineration are phased out and biomass availability becomes increasingly constrained, district heating systems face growing challenges related to cost, resource availability, and long-term resilience. In this context, industrial and urban excess heat and cold could support a low-carbon, flexible heat supply. Despite significant documented technical potential, excess heat remains poorly integrated into district heating systems due to spatial constraints, temperature mismatches, operational variability, and fragmented decision-making among industrial actors, network operators, and policymakers.

 

Energy system optimisation models are widely used to support long-term energy planning and policy analysis. However, when applied to excess heat recovery, existing modelling approaches struggle to capture several critical dimensions for decision-making, including spatial feasibility, heat quality, operational behaviour, and uncertainty. At the same time, empirical evidence on how excess heat performs within real district heating systems under different technical and market conditions remains limited. This thesis addresses these gaps by combining real-world case studies with the development of methodological models to support strategic planning for excess-heat recovery in district-heating systems.

 

The overall aim of this thesis is to develop and apply modelling approaches that enable a comprehensive and robust assessment of the integration of excess heat into district heating systems. The work is structured around three research questions, each addressing a distinct but interconnected aspect of the problem.

 

The first research question examines how well existing energy system optimisation models meet the analytical needs of decision-makers involved in excess heat recovery planning. Through a structured review of modelling tools and an assessment of stakeholder requirements, the thesis shows that while current models provide robust representations of technology costs, energy balances, and long-term investment dynamics, they fall short in representing spatial variation, heat quality, and operational constraints. These limitations are particularly problematic for excess heat recovery, where feasibility and value depend strongly on distance to demand, temperature levels, and temporal stability of supply. The analysis further highlights that limited flexibility and transparency in many models reduce their usefulness for stakeholder engagement. This research question establishes the need for modelling approaches that go beyond single-model optimisation and motivates the development of a multi-model framework.

 

The second research question investigates how a multi-model framework can improve the analysis of excess heat integration into district heating systems. To address this question, the thesis develops a modular multi-model framework that links exergy analysis, spatial least-cost network optimisation, long-term techno-economic optimisation, and high-resolution operational validation. The framework is implemented using iterative soft linking between models, ensuring that spatial feasibility, heat quality, and operational constraints are consistently reflected in long-term investment planning. The framework is applied to both a new district heating system and a large existing system. The results show that spatial proximity and source temperature strongly influence early investment decisions, while electricity prices and competition with existing technologies shape excess heat uptake in mature systems. Operational validation reveals differences between long-term investment pathways and short-term utilisation patterns, highlighting the importance of thermal storage and flexible operation in aligning planning and operation.

 

The third research question explores how district heating systems can be planned and adapted to remain resilient amid long-term uncertainty, systemic risks, and external shocks. To address this question, the thesis develops a stochastic–clustering–resilience framework that combines uncertainty sampling with long-term optimisation and post-processing analysis. This approach enables the identification of representative investment pathways and the evaluation of their performance across a wide range of future conditions. The results show that systems with diversified, flexible technology portfolios that combine excess heat recovery with electrification options such as heat pumps, electric boilers, and thermal storage perform best in terms of cost, emissions, and robustness. In contrast, systems that rely heavily on combustion-based technologies are more sensitive to fuel price volatility, policy changes, and supply disruptions.

 

Across all research questions and case studies, the modelling results demonstrate that excess heat can contribute significantly to cost-effective, low-carbon district heating systems, but only when spatial, thermal, operational, and uncertainty-related factors are jointly considered. Excess heat delivers the greatest system value when evaluated as part of a flexible and diversified technology portfolio rather than as a stand-alone resource.

 

The contributions of this thesis are twofold. First, it provides insights from multiple real-world district heating case studies, clarifying when and how industrial and urban excess heat can be effectively integrated under varying spatial, technical, and policy conditions. Second, it advances methodological approaches to excess heat modelling by developing a coherent multi-model framework that links industrial-, network-, and system-level perspectives. By integrating spatial, exergy, techno-economic, operational, and uncertainty analyses within a transparent and extensible workflow, the thesis provides improved decision support for planners, district heating operators, and policymakers. It contributes to a deeper understanding of how flexibility and adaptability, rather than single-technology optimisation, underpin resilient and sustainable transitions in district heating systems.

Abstract [sv]

Uppvärmning och kylning står för en betydande andel av den slutliga energianvändningen och utsläppen av växthusgaser i Europa. Fjärrvärmesystem spelar en central roll i utfasningen av fossila bränslen i värmeförsörjningen genom att möjliggöra integration av centraliserade värmekällor med låga koldioxidutsläpp. I takt med att fossila bränslen och avfallsförbränning fasas ut och tillgången på biomassa blir alltmer begränsad, står fjärrvärmesystem inför ökande utmaningar kopplade till kostnader, resurstillgångar och långsiktig resiliens. I detta sammanhang kan industriell och urban överskottsvärme och -kyla bidra till en koldioxidsnål och flexibel värmeförsörjning. Trots en betydande dokumenterad teknisk potential är integrationen av överskottsvärme i fjärrvärmesystem fortfarande begränsad på grund av rumsliga begränsningar, temperaturskillnader, driftmässig variation samt fragmenterat beslutsfattande mellan industriella aktörer, nätoperatörer och beslutsfattare.

 

Optimeringsmodeller för energisystem används i stor utsträckning för att stödja långsiktig energiplanering och policyanalys. När de tillämpas på återvinning av överskottsvärme har befintliga modelleringsmetoder dock begränsad förmåga att fånga upp flera dimensioner centrala för beslutsfattande, såsom rumslig genomförbarhet, värmekvalitet, driftsbeteende och osäkerhet. Samtidigt är den empiriska kunskapen begränsad gällande hur överskottsvärme fungerar inom verkliga fjärrvärmesystem under olika tekniska och marknadsmässiga förhållanden. Denna avhandling adresserar dessa kunskapsluckor genom att kombinera fallstudier från verkliga system med metodutveckling inom modellering för att stödja strategisk planering av återvinning av överskottsvärme i fjärrvärmesystem.

 

Det övergripande syftet med denna avhandling är att utveckla och tillämpa modelleringsmetoder som möjliggör en omfattande och robust analys av integrationen av överskottsvärme i fjärrvärmesystem. Arbetet är strukturerat kring tre forskningsfrågor som var och en behandlar en distinkt men sammanlänkad aspekt av problemområdet.

 

Den första forskningsfrågan undersöker i vilken mån befintliga energisystemmodeller svarar mot de analytiska behov som beslutsfattare har vid planering av återvinning av överskottsvärme. Genom en strukturerad genomgång av modelleringsverktyg och en analys av intressenters behov visar avhandlingen att befintliga modeller ger robusta beskrivningar av teknikkostnader, energibalanser och långsiktiga investeringsdynamiker, men att deras förmåga att representera rumslig variation, värmekvalitet och driftmässiga begränsningar är begränsad. Dessa begränsningar är särskilt problematiska för återvinning av överskottsvärme, där genomförbarhet och värde i hög grad beror på avståndet till efterfrågan, temperaturnivåer och stabiliteten i värmetillförseln över tid. Analysen visar också att begränsad flexibilitet och transparens i många modeller minskar deras användbarhet i dialog med intressenter. Denna forskningsfråga etablerar därmed behovet av modelleringsmetoder som går bortom enskilda optimeringsmodeller och motiverar utvecklingen av ett multimodellramverk.

 

Den andra forskningsfrågan undersöker hur ett multimodellramverk kan stärka analysen av hur överskottsvärme integreras i fjärrvärmesystem. För att besvara denna fråga utvecklar avhandlingen ett modulärt multimodellramverk som kopplar samman exergianalys, rumslig kostnadsoptimering av nät, långsiktig teknoekonomisk optimering samt högupplöst operativ validering. Ramverket implementeras genom iterativ mjuk koppling mellan modeller, vilket gör det möjligt att konsekvent integrera rumslig genomförbarhet, värmekvalitet och driftmässiga begränsningar i långsiktig investeringsplanering. Ramverket tillämpas både på ett nytt fjärrvärmesystem och på ett befintligt system. Resultaten visar att rumslig närhet och källtemperatur starkt påverkar tidiga investeringsbeslut, medan elpriser och konkurrens med befintliga tekniker påverkar upptaget av överskottsvärme i mer mogna system. Operativ validering visar också skillnader mellan långsiktiga investeringsbanor och kortsiktiga utnyttjandemönster, vilket understryker betydelsen av termisk lagring och flexibel drift för att anpassa planering och drift.

 

Den tredje forskningsfrågan undersöker hur fjärrvärmesystem kan planeras och anpassas för att upprätthålla sin resiliens under långsiktig osäkerhet, systemrisker och externa störningar. För att besvara denna fråga utvecklar avhandlingen ett ramverk som kombinerar stokastisk analys, klustring och resiliensanalys genom att integrera osäkerhetssampling, långsiktig optimering och efterföljande resultatanalys. Detta tillvägagångssätt gör det möjligt att identifiera representativa investeringsbanor och utvärdera deras prestanda under ett brett spektrum av framtida förutsättningar. Resultaten visar att system baserade på diversifierade och flexibla teknikportföljer, där återvinning av överskottsvärme kombineras med elektrifieringsalternativ såsom värmepumpar, elpannor och termisk lagring, presterar bäst när det gäller kostnader, utsläpp och robusthet. System som i hög grad är beroende av förbränningsbaserade tekniker är däremot mer känsliga för volatilitet i bränslepriser, policyförändringar och störningar i energitillförseln.

 

Sammanfattningsvis visar avhandlingens resultat att överskottsvärme kan bidra väsentligt till kostnadseffektiva och koldioxidsnåla fjärrvärmesystem, men endast om rumsliga, termiska, driftrelaterade och osäkerhetsrelaterade faktorer beaktas samlat. Överskottsvärme skapar störst systemvärde när den betraktas som en del av en flexibel och diversifierad teknikportfölj snarare än som en fristående resurs.

 

Avhandlingens bidrag är tvådelat. För det första ger den empiriska insikter från flera verkliga fjärrvärmesystem och belyser därigenom när och hur industriell och urban överskottsvärme kan integreras effektivt under olika rumsliga, tekniska och policyrelaterade förutsättningar. För det andra utvecklar avhandlingen metodologiska angreppssätt för modellering av överskottsvärme genom ett sammanhängande multimodellramverk som kopplar samman industriella, nätbaserade och systemövergripande perspektiv. Genom att integrera rumsliga analyser, exergianalys, teknoekonomisk modellering, operativ analys och osäkerhetsanalys i ett transparent och utbyggbart arbetsflöde stärker avhandlingen beslutsstöd för planerare, fjärrvärmeoperatörer och beslutsfattare. Den bidrar därmed till en djupare förståelse för hur flexibilitet och anpassningsförmåga, snarare än optimering av enskilda tekniker, utgör grunden för resilienta och hållbara omställningar av fjärrvärmesystem.

 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2026. , p. 147
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2026:7
Keywords [en]
District Heating, Excess heat, energy system modelling, geospatial analysis, uncertainty analysis
Keywords [sv]
Fjärrvärme, överskottsvärme, energisystemmodellering, geospatial analys, osäkerhetsanalys
National Category
Energy Systems
Research subject
Energy Technology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-378135ISBN: 978-91-8106-562-6 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-378135DiVA, id: diva2:2045957
Public defence
2026-04-09, F3 / https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/65886926443, Lindstedtvägen 26-28, Stockholm., 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2026-03-16 Created: 2026-03-13 Last updated: 2026-04-07Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Resilient District Heating Transitions under Uncertainty: Insights from Stochastic Optimisation and Pathway Clustering
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Resilient District Heating Transitions under Uncertainty: Insights from Stochastic Optimisation and Pathway Clustering
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

District heating systems (DHS) are central to Sweden’s low-carbon transition but face increasing challenges as the sector shifts away from combustion-based sources such as biomass and municipal solid waste. This study develops a stochastic optimisation framework for long-term DHS investment planning that evaluates the integration of non-combustion heat sources, including excess heat and large-scale heat pumps, under deep uncertainty. The model captures variability in resource availability, electricity price dynamics, technology learning, and operational risks associated with dependence on excess heat. A large ensemble of future scenarios reflecting alternative policy, market, and technology conditions is generated and analysed using post-processing techniques, including Dynamic Time Warping clustering and feature-importance analysis. This approach identifies representative investment pathways, quantifies robustness, and determines key uncertainty drivers shaping system outcomes. The results show that diversified portfolios centred on excess-heat recovery and electrified HPs achieve the lowest long-term Levelised cost of heat and low emission intensities, while maintaining adequacy through a moderate share of firm biomass capacity. Systems that rely on concentrated, combustion-based configurations exhibit higher cost variability and reduced robustness. The analysis further demonstrates that operational shocks, such as temporary excess-heat outages or price spikes, have limited long-term impact when supply portfolios remain diversified and flexible. The findings highlight the importance of structural diversification and electrification for resilient district heating planning and provide a policy-relevant framework for adaptive investment decision-making under uncertainty.

Keywords
District Heating Systems; Stochastic Optimisation; Energy System Resilience; Excess Heat Integration; System Robustness
National Category
Energy Systems
Research subject
Energy Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-377833 (URN)
Note

QC 20260306

Available from: 2026-03-06 Created: 2026-03-06 Last updated: 2026-03-13
2. Strategic integration of urban excess heat sources in a district heating system: A Spatio-temporal optimisation methodology
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Strategic integration of urban excess heat sources in a district heating system: A Spatio-temporal optimisation methodology
Show others...
2025 (English)In: Applied Energy, ISSN 0306-2619, E-ISSN 1872-9118, Vol. 396, article id 126236Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Heating and cooling activities account for nearly half of the European Union's total energy use, yet only 23 % of this demand is met by renewable sources. As reliance on fossil fuels declines and waste suitable for incineration diminishes, alternative renewable and excess heat (EH) sources become essential. In Sweden, approximately 4.7 TWh of industrial EH is recovered annually, contributing 12 % of available EH and 9 % of the district heating (DH) supply. Despite projections that EH utilisation will rise from 22 TWh in 2015 to 33 TWh by 2050, lowtemperature levels and economic viability challenges have limited Urban Excess Heat (UEH) integration into DH systems. This study develops a spatial-techno-economic optimisation framework to support long-term UEH integration in DH networks. The framework, composed of three open-source tools for spatial network optimisation, long-term planning, and short-term operational optimisation, was applied to the City of Stockholm's DH system, where over 80 % of buildings are DH-connected. Results indicate that UEH sources within a 5-km radius of primary DH pipelines have the highest feasibility for integration. Economic analyses revealed that investment sensitivity is highest with fluctuations in electricity prices, emphasising the cost implications of energy markets on UEH feasibility. Scenarios with varying grid temperatures demonstrated that lower temperatures improve UEH uptake but require adaptive network designs for efficiency. Iterative linking of long-term and highresolution operational models highlighted differences between cost-optimal plans and operational realities, suggesting refinement needs. This framework offers robust pre-feasibility insights for stakeholders, enhancing strategic planning for sustainable urban heating across municipal and regional levels.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2025
Keywords
Urban excess heat, Excess heat, District heating system, Energy system modelling, Soft linking
National Category
Energy Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-368398 (URN)10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126236 (DOI)001511132800002 ()2-s2.0-105007701610 (Scopus ID)
Funder
StandUp
Note

QC 20250818

Available from: 2025-08-18 Created: 2025-08-18 Last updated: 2026-04-01Bibliographically approved
3. EMB3Rs: A game-changer tool to support waste heat recovery and reuse
Open this publication in new window or tab >>EMB3Rs: A game-changer tool to support waste heat recovery and reuse
Show others...
2024 (English)In: Energy Conversion and Management, ISSN 0196-8904, E-ISSN 1879-2227, Vol. 309, article id 118408Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

At a time when European countries try to cope with escalating energy prices while decarbonizing their economies, waste heat recovery and reuse arises as part of the solution for sustainable energy transitions. The lack of appropriate assessment tools has been pointed out as one of the main barriers to the wider deployment of waste heat recovery projects and as a reason why its potential remains largely untapped. The EMB3Rs platform emerges as an online, open-source, comprehensive and novel tool that provides an integrated assessment of different types of waste heat recovery solutions, (e.g. internal or external) and comprises several analysis dimensions (e.g. physical, geographical, technical, market, and business models). It has been developed together with stakeholders, and tested in a number of representative contexts, covering both industrial and heat network applications. This has demonstrated the enormous potential of the tool in dealing with complex simulations, while delivering accurate results within a significantly lower time-frame than traditional analysis. The EMB3Rs tool removes important barriers such as analysis costs, time and complexity for the user, and aims at supporting a wider investment in waste heat recovery and reuse by providing an integrated estimation of the costs and benefits of such projects. This paper describes the tool and illustrates how it can be applied to help unlock the potential of waste heat recovery across European countries.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2024
Keywords
Analysis, District heating, Industry, Tool, Waste heat recovery
National Category
Energy Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-346165 (URN)10.1016/j.enconman.2024.118408 (DOI)001293719000001 ()2-s2.0-85190860401 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20240506

Available from: 2024-05-03 Created: 2024-05-03 Last updated: 2026-03-13Bibliographically approved
4. Techno-economic optimization of the industrial excess heat recovery for an industrial park with high spatial and temporal resolution
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Techno-economic optimization of the industrial excess heat recovery for an industrial park with high spatial and temporal resolution
Show others...
2023 (English)In: Energy Conversion and Management, ISSN 0196-8904, E-ISSN 1879-2227, Vol. 287, p. 117109-, article id 117109Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

With increasing heating and cooling demands, decarbonisation of the heating and cooling sectors is key to achieving a carbon-neutral energy system. Using industrial excess heat in heating systems helps offset emissions by reducing the use of fossil fuels. While several studies have analysed the temperature of heat availability, the cost of extending or constructing the heating network and techno-economic feasibility, it is important to consider all aspects together to achieve a comprehensive design of industrial excess heat recovery. This study proposes a method to link an energy system optimisation tool with a spatial analysis tool and an exergy analysis tool to achieve a comprehensive design. An iterative soft link is implemented between the energy system model and the spatial analysis tool for high spatial and temporal resolution. The developed method is applied to a case study of an industrial park in Greece. Scenarios are developed to assess the robustness of the developed method and the system profitability of excess heat recovery. The scenarios indicated that the profitability of excess heat depends heavily on the price of natural gas with the share of excess heat increasing from 10% to 45% with a 20% increase in natural gas prices in cases where heat pumps are needed for temperature boosting. In cases where heat pumps are not needed, excess heat indicates higher system profitability with a share of around 40% and reduces the emissions by around 50 times. The method provides robust results in considered scenarios with convergence within four iterations.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2023
Keywords
Spatial analysis, Exergy analysis, District heating systems, Industrial excess heat, Energy system optimisation, Energy system model
National Category
Energy Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-329377 (URN)10.1016/j.enconman.2023.117109 (DOI)001001493900001 ()2-s2.0-85158060445 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20230620

Available from: 2023-06-20 Created: 2023-06-20 Last updated: 2026-03-13Bibliographically approved
5. Techno-economic modelling and optimisation of excess heat and cold recovery for industries: A review
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Techno-economic modelling and optimisation of excess heat and cold recovery for industries: A review
2022 (English)In: Renewable & sustainable energy reviews, ISSN 1364-0321, E-ISSN 1879-0690, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, ISSN 1364-0321, Vol. 168, article id 112811Article, review/survey (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Recovery and use of industrial excess heat and cold are expected to play a huge role in the decarbonisation of heating and cooling systems in Europe. From the perspective of the industry, it could also promote a coupling between the sectors and help offset emissions, leading to a sustainable industry. However, there exists a gap in knowledge regarding the planning of infrastructure for utilization of excess heat, specifically for industries. This study aims at reviewing energy system optimisation tools that can be used by industrial stakeholders to plan energy investments for recovery and utilization of excess heat and cold. Through a study of existing energy systems models, seven tools are found suitable for analysing industrial excess heat and cold recovery. A detailed review of these tools is conducted and they are compared. The capability of the models to represent and analyse industrial excess heat and cold recovery options are critically discussed. The main requirements of such an analysis are used to establish criteria for comparison. The results of the comparison are used as a knowledge base to form a simple decision support tool to help industrial stakeholders choose the most suitable energy system model. The results from the review, comparison and decision support tool indicate that none of the models is capable of fulfilling all needs in every case. They also highlight that the choice of the tool depends especially on the required temporal and spatial resolution and its interoperability.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2022
Keywords
Excess heat and cold, District heating and cooling systems, Energy system model, Industrial heat recovery, Techno-economic optimisation, Heat and cold recovery
National Category
Energy Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-320405 (URN)10.1016/j.rser.2022.112811 (DOI)000862495300001 ()2-s2.0-85136110288 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20221107

Available from: 2022-11-07 Created: 2022-11-07 Last updated: 2026-03-13Bibliographically approved

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